Ikhadi le-RFID yesiko kunye noKhetho lokuFunda lweeHotele, iZikolo, kunye neeKhampasi eziManyanisiweyo

 

Phantse akukho mntu ukhangela ikhadi le-RFID kunye nendibaniselwano yokufunda ozama ukufunda ukuba yintoni na iRFID. Sele benazo iingcango, sele benezitshixo, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi sele beneziqinisekiso ezisasazwayo. Into abafuna ukuyazi imxinwa kwaye kubiza kakhulu ukuphazama: ingaba amakhadi endiza kuwaodola avule iingcango esele ndinazo, kwaye ndiza kuyifumana njani loo nto phambi kokuba kuphume umyalelo wokuthenga?

 

Lo mbuzo unezinga lempendulo elibi kolu shishino. Eyona ntsilelo ixhaphakileyo esiyibonayo ayiyo chip enesiphene. Ngumthengi oye waxelelwa ukuba imveliso "yendalo yonke," yayalela amaqhekeza angamawaka amahlanu, kwaye wafumanisa ekuhanjisweni ukuba umfundi ukhupha ifomathi umlawuli akayamkeli, okanye ukuba isitshixo siqinisekisa ngokuchasene nedatha yekhadi amakhadi amatsha awazange afakwe ngekhowudi. Amakhadi ayasebenza. Abafundi bayasebenza. Inkqubo ayikavulwa.

 

Oku kubhalelwe umntu obambe loo myalelo wokuthenga. Ibandakanya ukuba loluphi utshintsho phakathi kweehotele, izikolo, kunye neekhampasi zeshishini, apho uhlobo lwesiza ngasinye luqhawuka khona, kunye nekhadi le-RFID kunye nokujonga ukuhambelana komfundi okubamba ukungafani ngelixa kusekuncinci ukulungisa.

 

 

 

Iihotele, izikolo, kunye neekhampasi zamashishini zicatshulwa rhoqo ngendlela efanayo, eyimpazamo. Itekhnoloji idlula kakhulu. Izithintelo azidibananga konke konke, kwaye itheyibhile engezantsi sesona sishwankathelo sifutshane sinyanisekile sendlela elinye ikhadi le-RFID kunye neenkcukacha zomfundi kufuneka zigobe kuhlobo lwesayithi nganye.

 

Ikhadi le-RFID kunye nomnyanzelo wokufunda	Iihotele	Izikolo	Iikhampasi zenkampani
Umda ophambili kukhetho lwakho	Izitshixo azinakutshintshwa zizixa	Umthamo wokukhutshwa kunye nexabiso leyunithi	Iisayithi ezininzi -ukuhambelana kwefomathi
Ipatheni yokukhutshwa kwakhona	Ngokuqhubekayo, rhoqo ekuphumeni	Ibhetshi enye enkulu ngokuthatha, kunye nokutshintshwa unyaka wonke	Umthamo ophantsi, ubomi obude bokuqinisekisa
Ulindelo lokhuseleko	Ukhuseleko lweendwendwe kunye noxanduva	Phakathi, kodwa ubumfihlo- bulawulwa	Ephezulu; ziphicothwa rhoqo
Uvakalelo lweendleko	Ngekhadi ngalinye, ngokungqongqo	Ngekhadi ngalinye, kunye noshicilelo kunye nelomntu	Ngomnyango ngamnye, hayi ngekhadi ngalinye
Apho idla ngokuphuka	I-firmware yokutshixa yelifa kunye neekhowudi	Ukuthotyelwa kunye nokuphinda kukhutshwe amalungiselelo	Isithuba senani lekhadi kunye nokungqubana kwefomathi

 

Loo theyibhile yinguqulelo emfutshane. Ikholomu nganye iphethe imo yokungaphumeleli ebonisa kuphela kwindawo ethile, kwaye akukho nanye kwezi zintathu ibonakala kwikhathalogu yemveliso. Okuseleyo koku kugubungela ngamnye ngokulandelelana.

 

 

Umqathango ochazayo wekhadi le-RFID yehotele kunye neprojekthi yokufunda kukuba izitshixo sele zifakwe, sele zihlawulwe, kwaye azikwazi ukuphuma kwiingcango ngaphandle kwamagumbi okuvala. Zonke izigqibo zokukhangela zigoba loo nto.

 

 

Yintoni eyenza ukuba oku ngenene kubenzima ngoku kukuba isabelo esikhulu sesiseko esifakiweyo sisebenza kubuchwephesha bobuchwephesha bophando loluntu lokhuseleko alusayiboni lukhuselekile. Ukubhengezwa kwe-Unsaflok ngo-2024 kwagubungela iseti yobuthathaka kumgca wokutshixa we-elektroniki osasazwe ngokubanzi, ochaphazela ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezithathu zokutshixa kumazwe ali-131, apho ipere enye yamakhadi amaqhosha enziweyo anokuvula igumbi ngalinye kwipropathi.Iqela lophando lwe-Unsaflok). Ingxaki esisiseko ye-cipher indala kunoko. I-MIFARE Classic's Crypto-1 iye yaphulwa esidlangalaleni kuncwadi lwezemfundo ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi (arXiv).

 

Isigqibo esicacileyo kukufudukela kwiinkcukacha ezifihliweyo. Apha kulapho eso sigqibo siyeka ukuba lula. Ukuphucula ipropathi ayikokuthenga ikhadi: luhlaziyo lwe-firmware okanye ukutshintshwa, ukukhutshwa kwakhona okupheleleyo kwekhadi ngalinye elijikelezayo, ukuphuculwa kwesoftware yedesika yangaphambili, iikhowudi ezitsha, kwaye rhoqo kusetyenzwa ngokutsha kwi-elevator, indawo yokupaka, kunye nodibaniso lwentlawulo olwalubotshelelwe kwisiqinisekiso esidala. Yiyo loo nto, ngexesha lokubhengezwa kowama-2024, malunga nesithathu kuphela sezitshixo ezichaphazelekayo ebesele zilungisiwe.

 

Kukho uxilongo olufanele ukwazi phambi kokuba uthethe naye nabani na, kuba akubizi nto kwaye ikuxelela ukuba yeyiphi incoko okuyo ngokwenene. Iingcebiso ezipapashwe ecaleni kwesi sibhengezo zichaze iipropati ezilungisiweyo njengoko ziphinde zakhutshwa kwi-MIFARE Ultralight C kune-MIFARE Classic, ngoko ke itshiphu ekhadini kwidesika yakho engaphambili luphawu olurhabaxa lokuba ingaba ilifa elisemva kwayo lichukunyiswe na. Yiphathe njengeyokuqala efundwayo kunobungqina, kodwa ipropathi esanikezela ngekhadi elingundoqo le-MIFARE Classic ikuxelela ukuba naliphi na ikhadi le-RFID kunye nenkqubo yokufunda yeehotele ezicatshulwe ngokuchasene nelo lifa kufuneka ixelwe kwisizukulwana{2} sophuculo, nokuba ithini na incwadana.

 

Oko kuyishiya indlela yokufuduka ngokwayo, kwaye kukho indlela ekhawulezayo yokuzibeka kunokubuza umthengisi wesitshixo. Jonga ukuba ipropati ngoku ikhupha ikhadi. Ukuba idesika yangaphambili ibhala iinkcazi nge-encoder enenethiwekhi kwaye izitshixo zifumana uhlaziyo ngaphandle kokuba igcisa lichukumise umnyango ngamnye, umhlaba usoloko ukwisizukulwana esamkela ukuthotywa{2}kutshintsho olufihliweyo, kwaye uthenga amakhadi. Ukuba amakhadi asabhalwa kwi-encoder ezimeleyo kwaye zonke izitshixo kufuneka zityelelwe ngokuzimeleyo kunye nomdwelisi ophathwa ngesandla, umlawuli kunye necala le-firmware lokutshixa kufuneka lihambe kuqala, kwaye akukho xabiso lekhadi liya kukufumana apho. Ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi kwezi zimbini ukuzo kugqiba ukuba ngaba ukhangela ikhadi le-RFID kunye nomfundi ohambelana nezitshixo ezikhoyo, okanye ujonge iprojekthi yehardware. Kufanelekile ukufunda indlela iiitekhnoloji zamakhadi abalulekileyo ahlukeneyo emva kokutshixa kocango lwehotele kusebenza ngokwenenengaphambi kokuba wenze i-chip.

 

 

Iiprojekthi zesikolo nezesithili zineendleko ezahluke ngokupheleleyo. Ikhampasi ye-RFID yekhadi kunye nokusasazwa komfundi kuthande ukuba ngaphambili{1}ukulayisha ibhetshi enkulu kakhulu ekuthathweni, emva koko ukopha okutshintshiweyo unyaka wonke njengoko abafundi bephulukana namakhadi. Ixabiso leyunithi libaluleke kakhulu kunalo naliphi na elinye icandelo, kwaye ukwenziwa komntu okufana nefoto, igama, ikhowudi yebhakhowudi kunye nomgangatho woshicilelo kudla ngokunyanzeliswa kunokuzikhethela.

 

Ingqiqo yodibaniso ibhalwe kakuhle kwaye ivakala ngenene: iiyunivesithi ezidibanise iziqinisekiso ezidityanisiweyo zokusondela zibe yikhadi lekhampasi enye yenze ngokuyintloko ukucutha umsebenzi wolawulo, hayi kuba ubuchwephesha bebufuna oko. Ikhadi elinye kunexabiso eliphantsi ukulikhupha, kutshiphu ukulirhoxisa, kwaye kulula kubanini makhadi ukugcina umkhondo walo. Yiyo loo nto uninzi lwe-RFID yokufunda amakhadi okulawula ukufikelela kwiiprojekthi zezikolo zidibana ngesiqinisekiso esinye endaweni yosapho lwazo.

 

Kukho isithintelo sesibini apha, nangona kunjalo, kwaye seso esiphelisa iiprojekthi kunokuba sizibambezele. EUnited States, amazwe amaninzi athintele okanye avala isinyanzelo se-RFID-sokulandelela ii-ID zabafundi. INew Hampshire kunye neMissouri zapasisa imithetho ethintela izikolo ekufuneni amakhadi esazisi anamandla okulandelela iRFID, kulandela umthetho wangaphambili eOregon naseRhode Island (Stateline). Eyona ndawo yayiyenye yayisisithili esakhupha iRFID{1}}ibheji zabafundi ngaphandle kokuxelela abazali kwaphela.

 

Oku kuguqula uluhlu olufundwayo lube kuguquko lokuthotyelwa endaweni yokwenziwa komsebenzi. Uluhlu olude- lwenkcazi efaka intshukumo yabafundi ngokungenzi nto yinto esemthethweni eyahlukileyo-kuluhlu olufutshane lwekhadi umfundi ucofa ngabom kwi-turnstile, naxa itshiphu ngaphakathi iyafana. Kufanelekile ukugqiba ukuba yeyiphi kwezi zinto zimbini ngokwenene uthenga phambi kokuba uprinte amawaka amahlanu amakhadi, kuba ushicilelo yinxalenye awukwazi ukuhlehlisa.

 

Kukho umgibe wobugcisa obunxulumeneyo. Umva-umsebenzi wobunjineli kwisiqinisekiso sedyunivesiti ufumanise ukuba ufikelelo kwikhampasi lunikwa kuphela kwi-UID yekhadi, kungekho siqinisekiso sedatha egcinwe ekhadini kwaphela, nto leyo eyenza ukuba i-cloning ingabinamsebenzi nokuba ilungile kangakanani na itshiphu (arXiv). Ikhadi yayingelona ndawo ibuthathaka. Ubumbeko lwenkqubo yaba. I-UID-kuphela ukuqinisekiswa kuyakhuseleka kwi-cafeteria till okanye isango lethala leencwadi, apho isiphumo esibi kakhulu sisidlo sasemini sasimahla, kwaye asikhuselekanga kwivenkile yekhemistri, igumbi lomncedisi, okanye naluphi na ucango ngasemva apho umntwana omncinci anokuba yedwa nento enobungozi. Ukuba loo minyango ikhona kwindawo yakho kwaye impendulo iseyi-UID -kuphela, uphuculo lwenkcazi ayisosilungiso; uqwalaselo lomlawuli, kwaye kufuneka lwenzeke kuqala. Inyathelo lesibini lolandelelwano lokuqinisekisa ukuya ezantsi libeka indlela yokufumana impendulo ethe ngqo kumdibanisi koku, kuba "ixhasa i-MIFARE" ayisiyompendulo kumbuzo.

 

Nokuba u-odola isitokhwe esingenanto okanye amakhadi enziwe umntu ngokupheleleyo atshintsha kakhulu uqoqosho apha, esiye saphula xa sithelekisaakukho nto ichasene{0}nengaphambili{0}nokukhangela ikhadi eliprintiweyo.

 

 

 

Lo ngumahluko owothusa abantu phakathi-kweprojekthi. I-Wiegand yindlela enye{2}}, ikhonkco elingafihlwanga phakathi komfundi nomlawuli obekwinkonzo amashumi eminyaka. I-OSDP yindlela efihliweyo,-ezimbini, eyonganyelweyo endaweni ephuhliswe yi-Security Industry Association, evunywe yi-International Electrotechnical Commission ngo-2020 yaze yapapashwa njenge-IEC 60839-11-5, izisa uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo lwe-AES-128 kunye nexesha lokwenyani lokuhlola isixhobo (Umbutho woShishino loKhuseleko).

 

 

Abathengi beva "iprotocol efihliweyo" kwaye bacinge ukuba olu tshintsho lufuna amakhadi. Akunjalo. Iprothokholi ilawula umfundi-ukuya{3}}kwikhonkco lomlawuli; ikhadi lisakhethwa yiyo nantoni na inkqubo yakho eqinisekisa ngokuchaseneyo. Into etshintshayo kukuba ngabaphi abafundi kunye nabalawuli onokusebenzisa, kwaye kulapho imali ikhona.

 

Imeko yocaphulo oluninzi lushiye ngaphandle: ukubuyisela abafundi endaweni ye-OSDP{0}ngeeyunithi ezikwaziyo ngelixa umlawuli ehlala kwi-Wiegand akuthengeli nto. Uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo lubakho kuphela xa iziphelo zombini ziluthetha.

 

Kodwa eso sigwebo sijika kwiimeko ezimbini. Eyokuqala kuxa ukutshintshwa komlawuli sele kuxhaswe ngemali kwaye kucwangcisiwe, apho ukuthenga i-OSDP{1}}abafundi abanakho ngoku kuphepha ukuhlawulela iingcango ezifanayo kabini. Okwesibini kuxa abafundi bakho abakhoyo sele besekupheleni kobomi; ukuba ubuyisela i-hardware, kunjalo, iprimiyamu ye-OSDP ingumda kwaye iyala ikuvalela kwenye ishumi leminyaka yokubhaliweyo okucacileyo. Ngaphandle kwezo meko zimbini, umfundi{4}}ukufuduka kokuqala yintlawulo yefitsha elihlala licinyiwe. Ixesha sesinye isiqingatha sale nto. Izithintelo ezikhuselekileyo zonikezelo lwe-microcontroller ziye zatyhala amaxesha okukhokela abafundi ukuya kwiiveki ezilishumi elinesithandathu ngokunyuka kwexabiso kwi-3.5 ukuya kwi-15 yeepesenti uluhlu (Mordor Intelligence), ngelixa amakhadi engalithwali elo xesha lokukhokela. Ukuodola iziqingatha ezibini zekhadi le-RFID kunye nokucaciswa komfundi kwishedyuli efanayo yindlela iiprojekthi ezityibilika ngayo, kwaye kungenxa yoko le nto sicaphula ikhadi kwayehardware yomfundikwiifestile zonikezelo ezahlukeneyo kunenye.

 

 

Isikhokelo ngasinye sikuxelela ukuba uqinisekise ukuhambelana. Phantse akukho namnye kubo okuxelela ukuba njani. Olu lulandelelwano esiluqhubayo kunye nabathengi ngaphambi kokuba ikhadi le-RFID yesiko kunye nomyalelo womfundi ungene kwimveliso, kunye namanyathelo amabini okuqala onokuthi uwagcwalise namhlanje.

 

1. Chonga into osele unayo.Umfundi -weprotocol uya kuxela rhoqo kunye nosapho lwe-chip ngokuthe ngqo, eyona ndlela ikhawulezayo yokubona ukuba leliphi ikhadi le-RFID kunye nomfundi indawo yakho esebenzayo. Ngaphandle kwenye, i-NFC{2}}ifowuni ekwaziyo ukusebenzisa i-NXP's TagInfo yesicelo iyakuchonga uninzi lweziqinisekiso ze-13.56 MHz ngaphantsi komzuzu.
    
2. Qinisekisa ukuba umlawuli uqinisekisa ntoni.Buza umhlanganisi wakho umbuzo omnye ngolu hlobo luchanekileyo: ingaba indawo yolawulo yenza isigqibo sayo kwi-UID iyodwa, okanye kwidatha efihliweyo efundwa kwimemori yekhadi? "Ixhasa i-MIFARE" iphendula umbuzo owahlukileyo. Ukuba akukho mntu kwisiza onokuthi aphendule, iirekhodi zokugunyazisa zomdibanisi ziya kuyibonisa, kwaye eso sicelo sinengqiqo ukusibhala.
    
3. Jonga ifomathi kunye noluhlu lwamanani.Misela i-bit format, ikhowudi yoncedo esetyenziswayo, kunye namanani ekhadi asele ekhutshiwe kwisayithi nganye embuthweni.
    
4. Vavanya isampulu yomzimba ngokuchasene nomnyango wangempela.Ayiyiyo ibhentshi yelebhu, hayi idesktop encoder: esona sitshixo, kwindawo eyiyo, enomlawuli onguwo.
    
5. Tshixa ireferensi yemveliso.Nje ukuba isampulu idlulile, olo lungelelwaniso luchanekileyo luba sisalathiso sokuqhutywa okupheleleyo, kunye nokungaguquguquki kwebhetshi okuqinisekisiweyo ngokuchasene nayo kunokuba ngokuchasene nenkcazo ebhaliweyo.

 

Amanyathelo esine nesihlanu kulapho ababoneleli bohlukana khona, kwaye angamanyathelo amabini ongenakuwagqiba uwedwa. Sicela abathengi ukuba basithumelele amakhadi akhoyo ukuze sikwazi ukuchonga itshiphu kwaye sibuyise isampuli ehambelanayo ngaphambi kokuba nabani na enze umthamo, ohambisa umngcipheko kumzi-mveliso, apho ungowakhona. Kuba yonke le nkqubo ijongiwe ngokuchasene nereferensi ebonakalayo endaweni yedata, ibhetshi nganye idlula rhoqo, funda-umgama kunye nedatha{3}}uvavanyo lwentembeko phambi kokuba ihanjiswe, kwaye inkqubo yokubumba kunye noshicilelo ibanjwa kwireferensi enye ukuze ikhadi lamawaka amahlanu liziphathe njengekhadi elinye. Ukuqala njani olo tshintshiselwano, kunye nokuba usithumelele ntoni ukuba imeko yakho ayiyona ichanekileyo, ichazwe ekupheleni kweli nqaku. I-encoding kunye neenketho zobuntu ezihlala ngaphezulu kwenkqubo zichazwe kwethuikhadi RFID isiko kunye umfundi OEM / ODM iphepha.

 

 

Kukho ukungaqondi okuzingileyo malunga nokuba ukuguquguquka kwekhadi le-RFID yesiko kunye nomyalelo wokufunda uhlala phi. Imbonakalo, inkqubo yoshicilelo, imathiriyeli, ubukhulu, imilo, ukubumba, ukubala, ukufakwa kweekhowudi kunye nokupakishwa zonke zivuleleke ngenene: leyo yinxalenye yolawulo lwefektri isiphelo ukuya ekupheleni, ukusuka kwiqhina letshiphu ukuya kwimpahla egqityiweyo.

 

Itshiphu kunye neprotocol azivulwanga ngendlela efanayo. Zimiselwa yinkqubo oqhagamshela kuyo. Umthengisi ovumayo nayiphi na itshiphu oyibizayo ngaphandle kokubuza kuqala ukuba iqhaga lakho lamkela ntoni na; badlulisela umngcipheko wokuhambelana kuwe kwaye bayibiza ngokuba yinkonzo. Eyona nto iluncedo umvelisi anokuyenza kwinqanaba locaphulo kukutyhala ngasemva kwaye acele isampuli yekhadi. Xa sisebenza ishishini le-RFID ikhadi kunye neprojekthi yokufunda, loo ncoko yenzeka phambi kwamaxabiso, hayi emva.

 

Isikali sitshintsha into ekufanele yenziwe, hayi ukuba ulungelelwaniso lunokwenzeka. Isilika - yoshicilelo lwesikrini kunye nePVC eqhelekileyo ithwala imida ephantsi. Ukubumba okuqhelekileyo, ukukrolwa kwelaser kunye nokupakishwa kwe-bespoke kuthwala phezulu, ngenxa yokuba izixhobo zokusebenza zixabisa i-amortises kulo lonke ixesha. Iqela lehotele elikhupha ngokuqhubekayo kunye nesithili sesikolo esiodola kanye ngonyaka akufuneki ukuba lenze isigqibo esifanayo apha nakwivolumu yonyaka efanayo, kunye namakhadi e-RFID amaninzi kunye neprogram ye-OEM yokufunda kufuneka ibekwe amaxabiso ngokuchasene nokukhutshwa rhoqo endaweni yobuninzi besihloko.

 

Olona hlobo lufuna kakhulu olu siluqhubayo yinkampani yeprojekthi eTajikistan ethatha amakhadi amalunga nezigidi ezibini ngonyaka kwikhoyili yesiko kunye nokucaciswa kwe-chip, egqitywe ekugqibeleni ngamagama abhalwe kunye namanani emva kokuhanjiswa. Oko kusebenza kuphela ngenxa yokuba umzimba wekhadi, indawo ye-eriyali kunye ne-lamination yakhelwe ukusinda kwinkqubo esezantsi umzi-mveliso ongaze uyibone. Funda eli candelo ngendlela eluncedo ukujikeleza: imiqobo engentla ayisosizathu sokulindela ngaphantsi kwikhadi le-RFID yesiko kunye nomthengisi womfundi, sisizathu sokulindela umthengisi obuza imibuzo enzima ngaphambi kokucaphula.

 

 

Elona xabiso liphezulu-lento ongayenza phambi kokuba uphume kwi-odolo yekhadi akubizi nto kwaye kuthatha iintsuku ezimbalwa: fumana isampulu ehambelana nomzimba evavanyiweyo ngokuchasene nehardware yakho.

 

Sithumelele ikhadi elisuka kwinkqubo yakho yangoku. Sichonga itshiphu kunye ne-encoding, sivelise ikhadi le-RFID elihambelanayo kunye nesampulu yokufunda, kwaye siyithumele ukuba uyivavanye kumnyango wakho phambi kokuba kukho nakuphi na ukuzibophelela kwivolumu. Ukuba ayivuli, akukho nto ishicilelweyo, akukho nto isetyenzisiweyo, kwaye akukho nto ithunyelwe.

 

Kukho iimeko ezimbini apho olo landelelwano lufuna inyathelo elongezelelweyo, kwaye akukho nto ibonakala kwikhadi elisesandleni sakho. Eyokuqala kuxa ikhadi osithumelela lona ngokwalo liyi-evenmarket clone yesiqinisekiso sokuqala, apho ukuthelekisana kuvelisa kwakhona ngokugqibeleleyo uqikelelo lomnye umntu kunendlela ecacileyo yenkqubo yakho. Okwesibini kuxa ukucwangciswa komlawuli kutshintshile ukususela ekubeni amakhadi akhoyo akhutshwe, okwenzeka rhoqo kunokuba amaqela amaziko alindele emva kokuphononongwa kokhuseleko. Kuzo zombini iimeko isampuli iya kufunda ngokuchanekileyo kwibhentshi kwaye isahluleke emnyango, kwaye indlela yodwa ngayo kukusebenza ukusuka kwicala lomlawuli kunecala lekhadi. Ukuba enye ivakala ngathi inokuchaza indawo yakho,sixelele ukuba usebenza ngantoniphambi kokuba uthumele nantoni na, kuba iyatshintsha into esiyicelayo kuwe.

 

Siyiqhube le nkqubo kuwo onke amanqanaba amelwe apha, kuquka umthengisi kunye nomboneleli wolawulo lomnyhadala ePortugal othatha amakhadi, iintambo zesandla kunye nabafundi kuthi kwinkqubo enye - ngaphezulu kwesigidi semitya yesihlahla kunye namakhadi amalunga nekhulu lamawaka ngonyaka - eyona nto ikufutshane ekufuneka sivavanye ngokuphila ukuba ingaba ikhadi kunye nomfundi kufuneka athathwe njengesigqibo esinye. Benjenjalo. Ipateni eyahlula iiprojekthi ezigudileyo kwiintlungu azizange zibe yisayizi yomyalelo. Ibisoloko iyinto yokuba ukuhambelana kwangqinwa okanye kucingelwa. Ukuba sele uyayazi ivolumu yakho kunye nohlobo lwesayithi yakho, unakojonga kwakhona iifomati zekhadi kunye neenketho zetshiphu esizivelisayokwaye uthumele isampuli ukusuka apho.