Uzicwangcisa njani iithegi ze-NFC ezineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeChip (NTAG, MIFARE, kunye nokunye)

 

Ukubhala iThegi yiMisebenzi emithathu eyahlukileyo, hayi enye

 

Xa abantu besithi bafuna ukucwangcisa iithegi ze-NFC, bahlala bechaza izinto ezintathu ezahlukeneyo ezenzeka ukuba zibangelwe liqhosha elifanayo kwi-app yefowuni.

 

Eyokuqala yileukufomatha. Imemori yetshiphu ye-NFC kufuneka ixelelwe ukuba indawo yomsebenzisi iqulethe umyalezo we-NDEF kune-bytes engafanelekanga. Oku kwenziwa ngokubhala ulwakhiwo oluncinci lwedatha eyaziwa ngokuba sisingxobo sokukwazi. Kwiindawo ze-NTAG21x, le sele yenziwe kwinqanaba le-wafer, ngoko ke ichip ifika NDEF-ifomathiwe kwaye ingabamba iNDEF kuphela. Kwi-MIFARE Classic kunye nezinye iitshiphusi, ukufomatha yinto oyenzayo, kwaye ulwakhiwo luhlala kwindawo enye-ixesha{7}}enokucwangciswa. Ukufomatha kusisigxina. Akukho myalelo unformat, kwaye akukho sixhobo umthengisi uya kukunika omnye.

 

Okwesibini nguukubhala umthwalo: umyalezo we-NDEF oqulathe iirekhodi enye okanye ngaphezulu, rhoqo irekhodi ye-URI ekhomba kwi-URL. Eli licandelo elibonwa ngumntu wonke. I-Payload ibhala iqhele ukuphindaphindwa, yiyo loo nto iqela lezentengiso linokuthi libuyisele ithegi yephulo kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva ngaphandle koku-odola ngokutsha izixhobo.

 

Eyesithathu nguuqwalaselo: ii-password bytes, iibits zokutshixa, useto lwesipili, iimeko zofikelelo, izitshixo zokungqinisisa. Lo maleko kulapho kuhlala khona izigqibo ezingenakujikwa, kwaye ngumaleko ekungekho sifundo sabathengi sichukunyiswayo konke konke. Ukuba uceba ukwenza iithegi ze-NFC kuyo nayiphi na into enomda wokhuseleko ojikeleze kuyo, umaleko woqwalaselo yiprojekthi.

 

Ukugcina ezi zithathu zahluliwe entlokweni yakho yinto enqanda ibhetshi ekubeni ichithwe. Ukusilela kokubhala okuninzi esikuxilongayo ayikokusilela kumthwalo womvuzo. Ziyimeko yokufomatha okanye imo yoqwalaselo ebengayazi umntu.

 

Iintlobo zeTag ye-NFC xa zithelekiswa phambi kokuba uzicwangcise

 

Sonke isigqibo esinzulu malunga nendlela yokucwangcisa iithegi ze-NFC kwisikali siqala ngale theyibhile, kuba isilingi yememori kunye nenkxaso yeqonga zisetiwe ngalo mzuzu wokukhetha itshiphu kwaye ayinakukhutshelwa kamva kwisoftware.

 

Itshiphu	Inkumbulo yomsebenzisi	Uhlobo lweForam ye-NFC	Umzi-mveliso we-NDEF	Igama lokugqithisa / ukhuseleko lwesitshixo	iPhone NDEF funda + bhala
NTAG 213	144 bytes	Uhlobo lwesi-2	{0}}ifomathiwe ngaphambili	I-32-bit PWD / 16-bit PACK	Ewe
NTAG 215	504 bytes	Uhlobo lwesi-2	{0}}ifomathiwe ngaphambili	I-32-bit PWD / 16-bit PACK	Ewe
NTAG 216	888 bytes	Uhlobo lwesi-2	{0}}ifomathiwe ngaphambili	I-32-bit PWD / 16-bit PACK	Ewe
I-MIFARE Ultralight EV1	48 okanye 128 bytes	Uhlobo lwesi-2	Iyafomathwa	I-32-bit PWD / 16-bit PACK	Ewe
MIFARE Classic 1K	I-1,024 ye-bytes iyonke, malunga ne-716 ekhoyo kwi-NDEF nje ukuba ibhloko yomvelisi kunye ne-16 yeetreyila zecandelo zitsaliwe.	Ayilulo uhlobo lweForam ye-NFC	Iyafomathwa,{0}isekwe kwicandelo	CRYPTO-1 izitshixo zecandelo A/B	Hayi
I-MIFARE DESFRE EV3	2 KB ukuya ku-8 KB, ifayile- isekelwe	Uhlobo lwesi-4	Isicelo kufuneka senziwe	AES-128 / 3DES, amalungelo okufikelela kwifayile nganye	Ewe
NTAG 424 DNA	I-416 bytes iyonke, yahlulahlulwe yaba yi-32-byte yokukwazi ukukhupha, ifayile ye-NDEF ye-256-byte kunye nefayile yedatha ekhuselweyo ye-128-byte	Uhlobo lwesi-4	{0}}iifayile ezibonelelweyo	Izitshixo ezihlanu ze-AES-128, i-3-pass ungqinisiso olufanayo	Ewe

 

NTAG21x amanani, tshixa{1}}bit ukuziphatha kunye noHlobo lwe-2 / ISO/IEC 14443 Uhlobo A lokuthobela ngokweNXP NTAG213/215/216 imveliso yedatha yephepha. Isakhiwo se-MIFARE Classic 1K ngephepha ledatha le-NXP MF1S50yyX (amacandelo angama-16 × iibhloko ezi-4 × iibhayithi ezili-16). I-DESFire EV3 nge-MF3D(H)x3. I-NTAG 424 ye-DNA ye-memory memory nganyeNXP.

 

Iikholamu ezimbini zithatha isigqibo seeprojekthi ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba kukhethwe nayiphi na isoftware: isilingi yememori kunye nekholamu ye-iPhone. Into engenakuxelelwa yitafile sisivuno. Itshiphu ecaciswe ngokuchanekileyo isavelisa ukwala ukuba inyathelo leekhowudi alinapasisi yokuqinisekisa emva kwalo, elingumxholo wesiqingatha sesibini seli nqaku.

 

I-NTAG 213, 215 kunye ne-216: Ukhetho oluMiselweyo kunye neCeiling yalo yokwenyani

 

Malunga neeprojekthi ezine kwezintlanu ezingenayo, olu sapho luyimpendulo eyiyo, kwaye ukufunda ukwenza inkqubo ye-NTAG 215 NFC tags kuthatha malunga nemizuzwana engamashumi alithoba ngeapp yefowuni. Itshiphu ngenqanawe iNDEF-ifomathiweyo, uhlobo lwerekhodi oluziphatha ngokungaguqukiyo kwiseti yesandla ngasinye yirekhodi ye-URI ecacileyo, kwaye zombini i-Android kunye ne-iOS ziyibhala ngaphandle komsebenzi we-SDK.

 

 

Ikwalusapho olusemva phantse kuyo yonke inkqubo yekhadi leshishini ledijithali, apho i-vCard enye okanye irekhodi ye-URL ingumthwalo opheleleyo, kwaye apho ifomathi ebonakalayo ihlala ibaluleke ngaphezu kwetshiphu. Uninzi lwezo odolo ziphelaamakhadi amhlophe e-PVC e-NFC angenantokunokuba izincamathelisi, kuba ikhadi kufuneka ukusinda isipaji kwaye uthathe print.

 

Isilingi ifika ngokukhawuleza kunokuba abantu belindele. I-NTAG213 ikunika i-144 bytes yememori yomsebenzisi, kwaye umyalezo we-NDEF ayisiyo URL yakho nje. Kukho i-TLV esongayo, iheader yerekhodi, intsimi yohlobo, kunye nentsimi yobude phambi kokuba uphawu olulodwa lwedilesi yakho lugcinwe. Irekhodi ye-URI icinezela izimaphambili eziqhelekileyo ezifanahttps://www.kwi-byte enye, efumana kwakhona iibyte ezilishumi ukuya kumashumi amabini, kwaye kwi-144-byte inxalenye yaloo mahluko ngumgca phakathi kokulinganisa kunye nokusilela. Apho amaqela abanjwe khona akusiyo i-URL ngokwayo kodwa ezongezelelweyo: yongeza irekhodi yombhalo kwileyibhile efundwa ngumntu, yongeza iRekhodi yeSicelo se-Android ukuze ithegi ivule i-app endaweni yesikhangeli, kwaye ukuhlawula okukhululekile kuba yimpazamo yokuphuphuma.

 

Olwethu umthetho kabhontsi, kwaye olu luhlobo lwento oyifundayo kuphela ngokufaka ikhowudi yezigidi ezimbalwa zezi: ukuba iURL ecetyiweyo equka umbuzo weparameters idlula malunga nabasebenzi abangama-90, yeka ukukhankanya NTAG213 kwaye uye phezulu. Umahluko wexabiso leyunithi phakathi kwe-213 kunye ne-215 incinci ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba ayifanelanga ukuba ifane nomngcipheko woyilo ngokutsha oluphakathi{5}}kwenkqubo. Iphulo elithi kamva lifuna ukufaka iiparamitha ze-UTM okanye inombolo ye-serial kuyo yonke i-URL yethegi iya kubetha udonga ngo-213 kwaye ayiyi kuyibetha ngo-215.

 

Ukukhuselwa kwegama eliyimfihlo kule ntsapho kufanelekile ukuqonda ngokuchanekileyo, kuba buthathaka kunokuba igama elithi "password" libonisa. Ixabiso le-PWD le-32-bit lihanjiswa ngokucacileyo kwaye lihlolwe yi-chip, apho amasango abhala ukufikelela, kunye nokufikelela ngokukhetha, ukusuka kwiphepha elikhethiweyo ukuya phambili. Imisa ilungu elinomdla woluntu ukuba liphinde libhale ithegi yakho ngefowuni. Ayilolawulo lwe-cryptographic kwaye akufuneki ichazwe kumxhasi njengenye. Qaphela kwakhona ukuba ayisiso sonke isizukulwana esiyixhasayo konke konke: i-NTAG203 endala ayinayo indlela yokugqitha, kwaye uxwebhu lwethala leencwadi lucacile ukuba iminxeba yokhuseleko ngokuchasene nayo iyasilela (uxwebhu lwe-nfcpy).

 

I-MIFARE Classic: Ibhalwa kwi-Android, ingekho ngokufanelekileyo kwi-iPhone

 

Nanku umgibe wokuhambelana oye wagqiba iiprojekthi ezininzi ze-NFC kunayo nayiphi na enye into. Nabani na obuza ukuba ibhalwa njani i-NDEF kwi-MIFARE Classic sele isebenza ngokuchasene nengqolowa yefomati: I-MIFARE Classic ayilohlobo lwethegi ye-NFC Forum, likhadi le-ISO/IEC 14443-3A elinecandelo lobunikazi kunye nesakhiwo esingundoqo esandulela i-ecosystem ye-NDEF, kunye nenkxaso ye-NDEF kuyo ikhona kuphela ngengqungquthela yemephu ebekwe phezulu.

 

 

I-Android iphatha loo ngqungquthela. I-iOS ayifuni. I-Apple's Core NFC ayizange ixhase i-MIFARE Classic, kunye neentsapho ezixhaswayo ze-MIFARE ezisekelwe kwi-Ultralight, kunye ne-DESFire, abaphuhlisi bezikhundla baye baqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiiforamu ze-Apple.Apple Developer Forums). Ngenxa yokuba i-iOS ayinakukwazi ukujongana nememori yekhadi ngokuthe ngqo, i-iPhone ayinakubhalela i-NDEF kuyo kwaye ayikwazi ukubonisa i-NDEF egcinwe kuyo.

 

Yintoni eyenza oku kube yingozi kakhulu ngexesha lovavanyo kukuba iithegi ze-MIFARE Classic azibonakali zifile kwi-iPhone. Ikhadi libonisa i-ISO 14443-I-UID, ngoko ke Iindlela ezimfutshane ze-app ziya kuyamkela ngovuyo njenge-automation trigger, kwaye ukuskena ngasemva kusenokuqalisa irekhodi ye-NDEF egcinwe ngaphambili yohlobo oluxhaswayo. Uvavanyo olukhokelela ekuthengeni isampula kwi-iPhone yabo babona impendulo kwaye basayine. Ukuziphatha abakubonayo akunanto yakwenza nomxholo wememori yethegi, kwaye yonke indlela iyawa ngexesha iprojekthi idinga ii-URL zeyunithi nganye ezinokufundwa zii-iPhones.

 

Umgaqo osebenzayo ophuma koku: nabani na othelekisa indlela yokucwangcisa iithegi ze-NFC ze-iPhone vs i-Android kufuneka aqhube uvavanyo lokwamkelwa kuwo omabini amaqonga kunye ne-chip yemveliso, soze kwi-Android yodwa, kwaye angaze abe kwisampulu ye-chip eyahlukileyo kunaleyo ikwi-odolo yokuthenga.

 

Mandibe buthuntu malunga nengcebiso, kuba "kuxhomekeke kwimeko yakho yokusetyenziswa" ayisiyompendulo iluncedo apha. Ukuba iithegi zakho ze-NFC ziyakucofwa ngamalungu oluntu, khankanya nantoni na ngaphandle kwe-MIFARE Classic.

 

Kumaqela asele engaphakathi kweClassic{0}inkqubo yofikelelo esekwe, isigqibo sehla siye kolunye uhlobo, kwaye ayizizo iithegi. Bubomi benkonzo obushiyekileyo belifa lakho lomfundi. Ukuba abo bafundi baneminyaka emibini okanye emithathu eseleyo kubo kwaye akukho smartphone iya kuze ichukumise isiqinisekiso, ukuqhubeka neClassic kwilophu evaliweyo kukufowunelwa, kwaye imibuzo esebenzayo iba yi-IC sourcing kunye nefomathi ye-UID endaweni ye-encoding indlela, nto leyo esiyigubungelayo kumanqaku ethuukuodola iithegi ze-MIFARE 1K kwisixokelelwano esifakiweyo. Ukuba abafundi bafanele ukutshintshwa ngaphakathi kuloo festile, musa ukuchitha imali kwisiqinisekiso sotshintsho. Hambisa yonke indawo kwi-AES{{2}inxalenye esekelwe kwinyathelo elinye kwaye uthabathe iindleko kube kanye.

 

Kukho umgibe wesibini kwintsapho efanayo, efihlakeleyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba isinde kwimijikelo ye-QA epheleleyo. Ukongeza i-Smart Poster wrapper kwirekhodi, apho izixhobo eziqhelekileyo ze-encoding zinika njengendlela yobuhlobo yokunamathisela isihloko kwi-URL, itshintsha uhlobo lwerekhodi. Iirekhodi ezisongelwe ngolo hlobo azithathwa kukuskena ngasemva kwe-iOS konke konke, nokuba yintoni na efakwe ngaphakathi. Uvavanyo lwe-Android ludlula kuzo zonke izixhobo, ii-iPhones azenzi nto, kwaye akukho myalezo wemposiso naphi na ukuxilonga.

 

I-Ultralight, i-DESFire kunye ne-NTAG 424 DNA: Apho iNkqubo iba nguLawulo oluPhambili

 

I-MIFARE Ultralight EV1 ihlala kufutshane ne-NTAG21x ekuziphatheni kwaye udwelisa iithegi ze-NFC kuyo ngendlela efanayo, kunye nebhajethi yememori encinci ye-48 okanye i-128 bytes kunye neklasi efanayo yesango lokungena. Akukho nto intsha yenzekayo.

 

I-DESFire kunye ne-NTAG 424 DNA luqeqesho olwahlukileyo. Kolu didi lwesi-4 lwamacandelo awubhali ii-bytes kwimephu yenkumbulo ethe tyaba, usebenza kwisixokelelwano sefayile enamalungelo okufikelela kwifayile nganye, kwaye yonke imisebenzi enentsingiselo ifuna uqinisekiso lwe AES{7}}128 isitshixo kuqala. I-NTAG 424 DNA iphethe izitshixo ze-AES ezichazwe ngabathengi abahlanu, isebenzisa i-3-pass ukuqinisekiswa okufanayo kwifayile yedatha ekhuselweyo, kwaye ithwala iMithetho eqhelekileyo ye-EAL4 kwi-hardware kunye nesofthiwe. Amaqela adwelisa iithegi ze-NFC zokuqinisekisa imveliso endaweni yokwalathisa kwakhona aqhele ukukhangela le nxalenye ngokukodwa, ngenxa yophawu olunye.

 

Olo phawu luKhuseleko lweMiyalezo eDynamic, ehlala ibhalwa njengeLANGA. Ngayo yenziwe, i-URL ye-NDEF itshiphu ibonisa utshintsho kwimpompo nganye enye: itshiphu ijonga i-UID yayo kunye ne-monotonically enyukayo yokufunda ikhawuntara kwi-URL, ngokhetho olufihliweyo, kwaye ihlomela i-CMAC edityaniswe nesitshixo sakho kuphela kunye nokubamba itshiphu. I-backend yakho inokuxela ithegi yokwenyani kwi-URL efotweyo, kwaye inokuxelela inombolo yempompo yesi-4 ukusuka kwinombolo ye-4,000.

 

Ukuyiqwalasela ngokuchanekileyo kulapho inkcazo iluma khona. Imithetho yesipili ayisimahla-ifomu: xa idatha yePICC iguqulelwe ngokuntsonkothileyo, isipili se-UID kunye nekhawuntara efundwayo iba sisinyanzelo kunokuzikhethela, bobabini bahlala behamba kunye, kwaye iCMAC kufuneka ihlale ekupheleni komyalezo weNDEF. Yila ulwakhiwo lwakho lwe-URL malunga naloo miqobo, hayi enye indlela ejikeleze, okanye ii-offsets aziyi kusombulula kwaye umva uyakwala yonke into efundwayo.

 

Ukungaphumeleli esikubona rhoqo kwi-SUN deployments ayinanto yakwenza nayo nayiphi na loo nto. Lonke uzalisekiso lwereferensi kawonke-wonke kunye neenqanawa ze-demo yeseva ziqwalaselwe ngomzi-mveliso-ngokungagqibekanga kuzo zonke{2}}izitshixo zero, kuba yiloo nto eyenza idemo isebenze ngaphandle kwebhokisi. Iiprojekthi zeprototype ngokuchasene noko, iprototype iyasebenza, kwaye inyathelo eliphambili lokujikeleza alize lilenze kuluhlu lokutshekisha. Iithegi ziphuma zihamba ze nge-cryptographically ngelixa wonke umntu obandakanyekayo ekholelwa ukuba ukuthunyelwa kufihliwe, yiyo loo nto eyethu inkqubo yokukhupha isampulu ijonga ukwahluka okungundoqo kwiiyunithi zemveliso kunokuba kusetyenziswe nantoni na kwidemo.

 

ImiSebenzi emithandathu awukwazi ukubuyisela umva emva kokuba uCwangcise iithegi ze-NFC

 

Ukuphinda kubhalwe umvuzo kutshiphu. Ezi azikho. Nganye engezantsi sisigqibo esiguqula ibhetshi yeethegi ibe yi-asethi esisigxina, kwaye nganye ibe ngunobangela woluhlu lwezinto ezilahliweyo ekuye kwafuneka ukuba sizibuyisele ngokobuqu.

 

Ukusebenza	Yintoni eyenzayo	Kutheni ingenakuguqulwa	Xa kufuneka icwangciswe
NDEF ukufomatha	Ubhala isikhongozeli sezakhono	Imihlaba nge{0}}ixesha{1}inkumbulo enokucwangciswa	Kwifektri, emva kokuba uhlobo lwe-chip luqinisekisiwe
Amasuntswana okutshixa okumileyo	Itshixa amaphepha ali-16 okuqala kwiitshiphusi zodidi lwesi-2	Amasuntswana okutshixa asetwe -kuphela kwaye awanakuphinda aphinde amiswe	Kuphela emva kokuba umxholo wokugqibela ucinyiwe
Amasuntswana okutshixa anamandla	Cover 96 data bytes on NTAG213, 456 on NTAG215 and 840 on NTAG216, at a granularity of 2 pages on NTAG213 and 16 pages on NTAG215 and NTAG216, ngokwe NXP data sheet ecatshulwe ngasentla.	Iseti efanayo-kuphela kwendlela, isigxina esifanayo	Isango elifanayo njengezitshixo ezimile
Funda-kuphela ukutshintsha	Icwangcisa iNDEF yokubhala iflegi ngokusisigxina	Akukho myalelo uchaseneyo ukhoyo	Ungaze ngaphambi kokuba kugqitywe ulingo lwasendle
Imowudi ye-LRP kwi-NTAG 424 DNA	Tshintshela i-AES ukuba ivuze-ukusebenza okuqinileyo	Inikwe amandla yi-SetConfiguration, kungekho ndlela ibuyela kwimo ye-AES	Kuphela ukuba imodeli yoloyiko ebhaliweyo iyayifuna
Utshintsho oluphambili ngaphandle kwe-escrow	Ithatha indawo yezitshixo zeAES zefektri	I-chip ayinayo indlela yokubuyisela ukuba iqhosha elitsha lilahlekile	Kuphela kube kanye ilungelo lokugcina elingundoqo linikezelwe ngokusesikweni

 

Elo phepha granularity zinkcukacha ezisebenzayo abantu abaninzi abaphoswayo xa bebuza indlela yokutshixa ithegi ye-NFC emva kwenkqubo. Ukutshixa akuyonto enye{1}}okanye{2}}akukho nto itshintshileyo. Kwi-NTAG215 kunye ne-NTAG216 ungatshixa kwiibhloko zamaphepha ali-16, eyenza ubeko oluxubeneyo lusebenze: ummandla wenombolo yesiriyali utshixiwe kumzi-mveliso, ummandla we-URL wephulo oshiywe ubhaleka kwiqela lentengiso. Kwi-NTAG213 igranularity inamaphepha amabini, acolekileyo kodwa angaphaya kwemephu encinci kakhulu. Ukugqiba umda ngumsebenzi woyilo, kwaye kufuneka kwenzeke ngaphambi kokuba i-encoding iqhutywe, kungekhona emva.

 

Umkhwa ofanele ukwakhiwa kukwahlula isango lokufaka ikhowudi kwisango lokutshixa. Sicebisa abathengi ngokuchasene nokutshixa kwindawo yomyalelo, kwaye isizathu sirhweba ngokupheleleyo kunobugcisa.

 

Kuyo yonke imbali yethu yoku-odola, esona sicelo sixhaphakileyo-sokuziswa kwesicelo asilobango lesiphene, lutshintsho lwendawo ekuyiwa kuyo, kwaye ludityaniswa ngaphakathi kunyaka wokuqala wenkonzo. Izinto ezibangela isiqhelo kukufuduka kwephepha lokuhlala okanye unikezelo lwe-arhente, akukho nokuba kubonakale ngexesha lomyalelo wokufakwa. Awudingi izibalo zokusilela komntu ukwenza oku, kuba i-asymmetry igqiba ngokwayo: ithegi evuliweyo engaze ifune ukutshintsha akubizi nto, ngelixa ithegi etshixiweyo efuna ukutshintshwa kweendleko iodolo yokutshintsha epheleleyo kunye nomsebenzi wokufakelwa kwakhona. Inkqubo ye-NFC iithegi kuqala, qhuba ulingo lwasendle, tshixa emva koko.

 

Ukuqinisekisa iChip Yinto ethethwa yi-invoyisi

 

 

Ubunyani be-Chip ayisiyongxaki ye-paranoid kolu luhlu, yinto yokuhlola engenayo yesiqhelo-, kwaye ikwinqanaba elifanayo le-QC njengalo naluphi na olunye uhlolo olwenzayo phambi kokuba udwelise iithegi ze-NFC kubungakanani bemveliso. Iintsapho ze-NXP ze-NTAG, MIFARE, Ultralight kunye ne-ICODE nganye iphethe i-ECC{2}}isiginitsha esekelwe kwintsusa ebhalwe kwimveliso yetshiphu, iibhayithi ezingama-32 kwiindawo ze-NTAG21x, ezinokufundwa emva kwaye zingqinwe ngokuchasene nesitshixo sikawonke-wonke somenzi. Ithegi eziphatha ngokugqibeleleyo isenokusilela oko kutshekishwa.

 

Oku kwenzeka ngaphezu kokuba imarike ivuma. Iinjineli ezithenga iithegi ze-NTAG21x ngeetshaneli zokuthengisa ngokubanzi ziye zanika ingxelo kuluntu lomenzi ukuba iisampulu zisebenza kanye njengoko kuchaziwe, i-counter mirroring ibandakanyiwe, ukanti ingxelo njenge-silicon eyi-clone phantsi koqinisekiso lwentsusa, kwaye impendulo epapashiweyo ye-NXP yeyokuba ezo nxalenye azixhaswanga kwaye azifanelekanga ukusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo kuba i-IC ngokwayo inokuba sesichengeni.Uluntu lwe-NXP).

 

Iziphumo zokusebenza zimxinwa kunokuba abantu becinga, kwaye kufanelekile ukuchazwa ngokuchanekileyo. Ukuba isicelo sakho sikwalathiswa ngokutsha intengiso, i-clone chip iya kukunceda ngokufanelekileyo kwaye usenokungakhathali. Ukuba isicelo sakho sibandakanya ubunyani, ubungqina obugwenxa, okanye naliphi na ibango lokuchasana{2}}lomgunyathi elenziwe kumthengi wakho, itshiphu engangqinisisekayo iyenza ingasebenzi yonke le nto, kwaye akukho sixa sekhowudi echanekileyo esiyibuyekezayo. Uqinisekiso luthatha imizuzwana ngesampulu nge-app yokufunda, kwaye yeyenkqubo yakho ye-QC engenayo endaweni-yokufa. Ufundo olunxulumeneyo kuye nabani na obhala agqibe kodwa ofunda athule:kutheni isincamathelisi esiqingqiweyo sifundeka kakuhle kwaye singaphumeleli emnyango.

 

Umbuzo woKhuseleko we-MIFARE weClassic, uphinde wachazwa ngokunyanisekileyo

 

Nabani na ochaza i-MIFARE Classic namhlanje kufuneka asebenze ukusuka kwindawo yangoku yophando kunokuba igama leqonga lalinalo kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo.

 

Ngo-2024, uphononongo lwe-FM11RF08S, i-MIFARE Classic ehambelanayo chip ekhutshwe ngo-2020 kunye nemilinganiselo eyilelwe ngokukodwa ukuchasana nawo onke amakhadi aziwayo{4}}kuphela uhlaselo, yoyisa loo manyathelo achaseneyo kwaye yatyhila umva wehardware kwinkqubo. Umnyango ongasemva uvumela naliphi na iqela eliyaziyo ukuba lidibanise wonke umsebenzisi{6}}isitshixo esichaziweyo kwikhadi phakathi kwemizuzu yofikelelo ngokwasemzimbeni, kwaye oku kubamba nalapho izitshixo zohlulwe ngokupheleleyo kwikhadi ngalinye.ICryptology ePrint Archive). Izitshixo ezihambelanayo zangasemva zichongiwe kwiseti ebanzi yamacandelo, kubandakanya izizukulwana zangaphambili zeFudan kunye nezixhobo ezithile ze-NXP kunye ne-Infineon.

 

Yifunde ngocoselelo ngaphambi kokuba wenze isigqibo esingalunganga kuyo. Le ayiyompikiswano yokuba wonke umntu osebenzisa i-MIFARE Classic ibhengezwe ngomso, kwaye asiyivezi njengenye. Izigidi zeenkcukacha zoPhuculo zisebenza kwindawo{2}}ezineziphumo eziphantsi apho ukwenza ikhadi kwenze umhlaseli afikelele kwindawo yokutshixa. Yingxoxo yokuba ibinzana elithi "ukhuseleko" akufuneki livele naphi na kuxwebhu oluchaziweyo ecaleni kolu sapho lwetshiphu, kwaye nabani na omalunga nenkqubo yeethegi ze-NFC zamagumbi ehotele, ukufikelela kwiofisi, okanye intlawulo engenamali kwi-Classic silicon kufuneka ixabiso lokufudukela kwi-AES{4}inxalenye esekelwe kumjikelo wohlahlo lwabiwo-mali ofanayo.

 

Iithegi ze-NFC zokuCwangcisa ngobuninzi: Yintoni etshintshayo ngaphezu kweeYunithi eziliwaka

 

Yonke into echazwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku isikali esibi. I-app yefowuni ibhala ithegi enye ngexesha ngaphandle kwerekhodi ye-batch, akukho mvume yokuqinisekisa, kwaye akukho ndlela yokubonisa emva koko ukuba yeyiphi i-URL eya kwiyunithi yomzimba. Kukho amanqanaba amathathu endlela yokucwangcisa iithegi ze-NFC ngobuninzi, kwaye ukutsiba phakathi kwazo kuyasebenza kunokuba kubuchwephesha.

 

Inqanaba lokuqala yifowuni kunye ne-app, esebenzayo malunga neeyunithi ezilikhulu, ezifanelekileyo kwiiprototypes kunye nabaqhubi bangaphakathi.

 

Inqanaba lesibini kulapho uninzi - lwamaqela endlu luhlala khona: udwelisa iithegi ze-NFC ezinombhali ofunda kwi-desktop, eqhutywa yifayile yebhetshi, ngokwesiqhelo nge-encoder ye-USB kwi-ACR12xx okanye iklasi ye-uTrust. Isebenza kakuhle de i-chip itshintshe. Isixhobo sebhetshi esivulelekileyo esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kule ndawo, ngokomzekelo, sijolise kwi-ACR122 ngokukodwa kwaye sifaka iikhowudi kuphela i-MIFARE Ultralight kunye ne-Ultralight C, ezizinxalenye ze-Type 2, ngoko ke ukuhambisa loo projekthi kwi-Type 4 chip kuthetha ukuphinda kwakhiwe isixhobo endaweni yokuhlela ifayile yoqwalaselo. Ukuba usakhetha i-hardware yeli nqanaba, yethuI-USB kunye ne-desktop ye-NFC yomfundi{0}}uluhlu lombhaliigubungela iimodeli zomfundi ezi zixhobo zilindelweyo.

 

Ukuziqhelanisa neshishini kwinqanaba lesithathu kukufakela{0}}ngaphambili ngekhowudi ngexesha lokwenziwa, kwaye eli linqanaba abathengi abaninzi abangalaziyo ukuba likho. Kwimigca yethu kwiplanti ye-3,600 m², i-encoding ihlala phakathi kwe-chip bonding kunye nendibano yokugqibela, kwisixhobo esibonisa ithegi nganye kwindawo, ibhala irekhodi, kwaye iyifunde emva phambi kokuba ithegi iqhubele phambili. Ipasi yokuqinisekisa yiyo yonke le ngongoma. Ithegi engaphumeleliyo ukufunda-ngasemva iyaliwa emgceni{7}}kunokuba ifunyenwe ngumthengi ebaleni, kwaye ibhetshi ishiya nefayile yemephu edibanisa yonke i-UID okanye i-TID kumxholo othe ngqo obhaliweyo kuyo, nto leyo ifunwa yiCMS yakho okanye iqonga lohlalutyo ngosuku lokuqala. Umthamo wokuzibophelela ngokuzenzekela kuyo yonke imigca emihlanu yemveliso ihamba ngaphezulu kwe-100,000 yeetshiphusi ngosuku, ngoko ke ukufakwa kweekhowudi akubi sisinyanzelo ngexesha lokukhokela.

 

Oko le nkcazo ishiya ngaphandle, ngamabomu, ngumqobo wokuvuma. Funda-umva uqinisekiso lisango lokupasa/lokusilela, kodwa izinga lokungaphumeleli ofanele ukulamkela ngokwekhontrakthi liyahluka ngosapho lwetshiphu, umba wefomu, kwaye nokuba ithegi iyalanywa emva koko; isincamathelisi esichasene -nentsimbi kunye nekhadi lePVC aziphathi ngendlela efanayo kumgca omnye. Elo nani likwisicatshulwa ngokuchasene nesakhiwo sakho esithile, hayi kwinqaku, kwaye yinto yokuqala esiyibekayo xa inkqubo entsha iqala.

 

Apho sizoba khona umda wesakhono sethu kufanelekile ukuba sichazwe ngokucacileyo, kuba le nxalenye ababoneleli abadla ngokuyenza ibe luzizi. Siza kuqala-kwinkqubo yeethegi ze-NFC ngetemplate yakho ye-URL, siseriya ngeyunithi nganye, siqinisekise yonke ithegi, kwaye sihambise ifayile yemephu. Siza kubonelela ngezitshixo ze-AES ozinikezelayo. Asizukubamba izitshixo zakho zemveliso, asizukusebenzisa umva wakho wokuqinisekisa, kwaye asizukukuxelela ukuba umzi-mveliso unokwenza isicelo{4}}uyilo lokhuseleko lomaleko oluchanekileyo. Loo nxalenye yeyakho, kwaye nawuphi na umthengisi obanga ngenye indlela ukuthengisela ukudluliselwa komngcipheko ongekhoyo.

 

Imibuzo eliThoba eMawuzinziswe Phambi KokuFakwa kweeKhowudi

 

Qhuba oku phambi komyalelo wokuthenga, kungekhona emva kokuba iisampulu zifikile. Into nganye iphelile ubuncinane iprojekthi enye esicelwe ukuba siyihlangule.

 

#	Umbuzo	Kutheni ithatha isigqibo ngetshiphu
1	Ngaba ii-iPhones ziya kuzicofa ezi thegi?	Isusa i-MIFARE Classic ekuthatheni ingqalelo ngokupheleleyo
2	Buthini ubude obugcweleyo be-URL, kuquka iiparamitha zexesha elizayo?	Iseta umgangatho e-NTAG213, 215 okanye 216
3	Ngaba irekhodi enye ngokwaneleyo, okanye ngaba ufuna irekhodi umbhalo okanye irekhodi app kakhulu?	Iirekhodi ezongezelelweyo zidla uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwememori efanayo
4	Ngaba indawo yokufikela iya kutshintsha ngexesha lobomi benkonzo yethegi?	Imisela ukuba ukutshixa kuya kwamkeleka na
5	Ngaba isicelo senza ibango lokwenyani kubasebenzisi bokuphela?	Ikutyhalela kwi-NTAG 424 DNA okanye iDESFire
6	Ngubani obambe kwaye ajikelezise izitshixo ze-AES?	Kufuneka yabelwe phambi kokuba nasiphi na isitshixo sitshintshwe
7	Uthini umlinganiselo wokwamkelwa kwebhetshi ezisiweyo?	Ichaza ukuba ukufunda{0}umva uqinisekiso lwekontrakthi
8	Ngaba ufuna i-UID{0}}ukuze{1}}ifayile yokumaphusela umxholo?	Kufuneka icaciswe phambi kokuba iqhutywe, ingacelwa emva koko
9	Ngaba uqinisekiso lwesiginitsha yoqobo luyinxalenye ye-QC engenayo?	Imisela ukuba ukufunwa kwetshiphu kuyaphicothwa

 

Amaqela anokuthi aphendule onke alithoba afumana imveliso ecocekileyo eqhutywa kumzamo wokuqala. Amaqela anokuthi aphendule amathandathu kwasithoba adla ngokufumanisa amathathu aseleyo ngendlela ebizayo.

 

Imibuzo elithoba yinguqulelo eqhelekileyo. Eyona nto sisebenza kuyo yongeza ikholamu yeshumi, impendulo ilungile kulwakhiwo lwakho kunokuba ngokubanzi, kwaye loo kholamu ixhomekeke kwizinto ezingenakubonwa leli nqaku: umxube we-handset yakho, i-estate yakho yomfundi, inkqubo yakho ye-lamination, kunye nokuba ukulandelelana kufuneka kulandelelaniswe okanye kungenzeki. Sithumele iimpendulo ezisithoba zokuqala kwaye siya kubuyisela inguqulelo yenkcazo ngokuchasene nenkcazelo yakho.

 

Apho Oku Kushiya Umthengi

 

Akukho mgaqo jikelele wendlela yokucwangcisa iithegi ze-NFC, kuphela inkqubo ye-chip nganye, iqonga ngalinye, umthamo. Khetha i-chip ngokuchasene nesilingi yememori kunye nombuzo we-iPhone kuqala. Phatha ukufomatha, umthwalo kunye noqwalaselo njengamasango amathathu ahlukeneyo. Ungaze utshixe phambi kovavanyo lwasendle. Qinisekisa imvelaphi kwiisampulu ezingenayo. Ngaphezulu kwewaka leeyunithi, yeka ukucinga malunga nee-apps kwaye uqalise ukucinga malunga nokuqinisekisa kunye nokulandeleka.

 

Ukuba iinkcukacha sele ziyiliwe, siyakuvuyela ukuyiphonononga ngokuchasene nezithintelo zechip apha ngasentla kwaye sifake iflegi kuyo nayiphi na into engayi kusinda kwimveliso, kwaye iisampuli zasimahla ziyafumaneka ukuze zivavanywe kubafundi bakho bokwenyani kunye ne-handsets. Ungaqala kwakhona kwiIifomati zethegi ye-NFC esi pre{0}}inkqubo kwaye siqinisekise-endlwiniukuba isigqibo chip sisavuliwe, okanyethumela ulwakhiwo lwe-URL kunye nevolumu ekujoliswe kuyo kuphononongo lwe-encodingukuba sele ilungisiwe.

 

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