RFID Anti- Counterfeiting ngo-2026: Isikhokelo sokuThengwa kweeMpahla

 

Yintoni ene-RFID echaseneyo{0}}neNkqubo yokuSebenza ngomgunyathi eneneni ekufuneka yenziwe

 

Uninzi lweepitshi zabathengisi ziwisa inkqubo ukuya kumaleko omnye: ithegi. Yingxaki leyo. Usasazo olusebenzayo lwe-rfid anti{2}}lomgunyathi luhlala kumaleko amathathu ngaxeshanye, kwaye ubuthathaka kuyo nayiphi na kubo buwisa yonke into.

 

Umaleko womzimba yitshiphu, i-eriyali, kunye ne-substrate. Apha kulapho isichongi esisodwa sihlala khona, apho ukuphazamisa{1}}uyilo olucacileyo lusebenza okanye lungasebenzi, kwaye apho uthatha isigqibo sokuba iilebhile zinokuxotyulwa kwaye ziphinde zisetyenziswe kwinto yomgunyathi. Umaleko wonxibelelwano yibhendi yamaza kunye nomoya-indlela yokusebenza elandelwayo yonxibelelwano (UHF EPC Gen2v2, HF ISO/IEC 14443 okanye 15693, NFC NDEF), kunye naluphi na uqinisekiso lokufihlakele olusongelwe kumyalelo ofundiweyo. I-backend layer yi-database, i-blockchain ekhethiweyo okanye inkonzo yokuqinisekisa ifu, kunye nohlalutyo oluguqula umlambo wokufundwayo kwisigwebo sokwenyani.

 

Uninzi lwamanqaku avelayo xa ukhangela esi sihloko sigxile kumaleko wokuqala kwaye ungawuhoyi umaleko wesibini nowesithathu. Kulapho irfid anti{1}}ukusasazwa komgunyathi kusilela ebaleni, nalapho uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokuthenga luchithwa emva kwexesha kwiprojekthi.

 

Ukukhetha rhoqo: UHF, HF, NFC, okanye Chipless

 

Ibhendi ngalinye lisebenza nge-rfid eyahlukileyo -indima yokwenziwa komgunyathi, kwaye ukuzama ukusebenzisa engalunganga ngemeko yakho yeyona mpazamo ixhaphakileyo yokuthenga esiyibonayo.

 

Uluhlu lokufunda lwe-UHF kunye neyunithi yezoqoqosho kwitheyibhile ihambelana nedatha yendawo epapashwe yi-Auburn University RFID Lab (Ilebhu yeRFID yeYunivesithi yaseAuburn).

Ukuma kwethu: kwizinto ezininzi zorhwebo (impahla, i-electronics yabathengi, ukupakishwa kwezinto zokuthambisa, iinxalenye zemoto, i-middle{0}}yewayini, i-OTC pharma), ithegi ye-UHF esebenzisa i-cryptographic Gen2v2 chip lukhetho olufanelekileyo kunikezelo{3}} umaleko. I-NFC iba luncedo kuphela ukuba ufuna ukuba abathengi baqinisekise ngeefowuni zabo kwindawo yokuthengisa. Ukukhetha i-NFC yodwa kuba "abathengi banokuyiskena" yindlela iiprojekthi zokhuseleko ze-brand{6}} eziphela zingabonakali, kuba akukho msebenzi wogcino uza kucofa i-smartphone kuyo yonke ibhokisi ekwipalethi.

 

I-Chipless RFID ingena kuphela apho -utyikityo oluvalekayo lufunwayo kunye nevolumu yokuskena isezantsi, efana-nobugcisa bexabiso eliphezulu, izinto eziqokelelwayo, okanye amaxwebhu afundwa kwiskena esikhethekileyo. Kwimpahla ye-rfid echasene{3}nomgunyathi ngaphezulu kwamawaka ambalwa eeyunithi ngonyaka, ayinaxabiso okanye uncedo lolungiselelo ngaphezulu kwe-cryptographic UHF.

 

Kodwa isiphelo sinokucofa-isikhewu uninzi lwamanqaku olutsibayo: yeyiphi i-chip ye-UHF oyikhethayo egqiba ukuba ngaba inkqubo iyachasa i-cloning, okanye ijongeka nje ngathi yenza. Nantso umaleko phantsi.

 

Ubungakanani	UHF / MVULA (860–960 MHz)	HF (13.56 MHz)	NFC (13.56 MHz subset)	Chipless RFID
Uluhlu lokufunda oluqhelekileyo	I-1.5-3 m ye-passive	~ 10 cm	<4 cm	0.5-5 cm
Ukukwazi ukufunda ngobuninzi	Amakhulu ngomzuzwana	Ilinganiselwe	Ithegi enye ngexesha	Kanye ngexesha
Ngokwe-iyunithi yexabiso lethegi ngevolumu	$ 0.05-0,10 ithafa; $ 0,15-0,40 cryptographic	$0.08–0.25	$0.08–0.30	Ngaphantsi{0}}$0.05 eprintiweyo
Ukufundwa kwe-smartphone yabathengi	Hayi (umfundi okhethekileyo)	Hayi	Ewe, nayiphi na ifowuni ye-NFC	Hayi
I-crypto eyomeleleyo yemveli	Ewe, Gen2v 2 + ISO/IEC 29167-11 (M775, UCODE DNA)	Ewe	Ewe (NTAG 424 DNA)	Ngokungathanga ngqo (PUF-isimbo)
Eyona ndima yokuqinisekisa	Ikhonkco lonikezelo, isitora, umva worhwebo{0}}we{1}}wendlu	Vala-ufikelelo kwiluphu	Ukuqinisekiswa kwePOS yabathengi	Utyikityo ngokwendalo-oluvalekayo

 

 

Ngaba i-RFID Anti{0}}Iithegi zokuSebenza ngomgunyathi Zingenziwa?

 

Ewe, iithegi ezicacileyo ze-UHF EPC zinokuhlanganiswa. Ngokuvala-umfundi/umbhali weshelufa, umhlaseli unokukopa i-UID ye-EPC engatshintshiyo kwitshiphu entsha kwaye ahambe umgunyathi ngokusebenzisa izikena ezifanayo ezisetyenziswa zizinto zokwenyani. Amaqela ezemfundo abonise uhlaselo ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokuchasene namakhonkco okubonelela nge-pharma (I-PLOS enye, Kamaludin et al., 2018).

 

Leyo yinguqulelo yebali elikhuphisanayo ngebhrendi{0}}abathengisi bokhuselo abakha isandi sabo, kwaye abaphazami malunga nesiseko. Eyona nguqulelo ingaxeliyo kukuba ishishini letshiphu sele liyisombulule le nto ngo-2014-2022.

 

I-NXP ye-UCODE DNA yayiyeyokuqala UHF ithegi IC ukudibanisa ixesha elide-uluhlu lokusebenza kunye ne-AES-128 uqinisekiso lwe-cryptographic oluhambelana ne-ISO/IEC 29167-10. Ufundo ngalunye lubangela ubalo olutsha lwe-AES ebotshelelwe kwisitshixo esisodwa sethegi, ngoko ke impendulo erekhodiweyo ayisebenzi ngokuskena okulandelayo (I-RFID Journal coverage ye-UCODE DNA). I-Impinj ilandele i-M775, exhasa i-GS1 Gen2v2 yoQinisekiso lomyalelo kunye ne-ISO/IEC 29167-11 (Impinj M775 imveliso emfutshane). Kuyo nayiphi na iprojekthi ye-UHF rfid echasene{1}}nomgunyathi eyasungulwa emva kuka-2023, ukukhetha i-UID{3}}kuphela kwetshiphu sisigqibo sokuthengwa kwempahla, hayi umda weteknoloji.

 

Ngoko ke ingxaki ye-cloning isonjululwe kwi-chip layer. Ingxaki ye-cloning ekufuneka uzikhathaze ngayo yileyo ekungekho mntu uyithengisayo: ukuhanjiswa kwethegi okusemthethweni. Umsasazi onganyanisekanga uxobula ithegi yokwenyani, eyi-cryptographically eyinyani kwimveliso yokwenyani kwaye ayifake kweyomgunyathi. Ithegi iyinyani. I-crypto iyaphuma. Ukuphazamisa kuphela -uyilo lwesubstrate olucacileyo, olufanaUlwakhiwo lwe-eriyali eethe-ethe{{0}enokonakala{1}}, ikhusela oku. Ibhalwe kwi-Patent yase-US 10,664,734 kunye nophando lwe-IET Blockchain (IET Blockchain, Wiley, 2024). Iqela lethu labathengisayo libizelwa kulo mzekelo kabini okanye kathathu ngonyaka, ngokwesiqhelo emva kokuba ibhrendi ilandelela imveliso engwevu{1}eyibuyisela kwindawo yokugcina umsasazi.

 

 

Yintoni Inqaku{0}}Inqanaba le-RFID elichasene{1}} neNkqubo yokuFaka umgunyathi eneneni Iindleko

 

Amaqela okuthenga adla ngokufika kweli candelo kuqala. Siyibeke kwindawo yesihlanu ngenjongo, kuba iindleko ze-rfid anti{1}}isisombululo somgunyathi ziyavakala xa sele ucuthe ukhetho lwetshiphu phantsi.

 

Kuzo zonke iindawo esizithumele ngenqanawa kwimpahla, izinto zokuthambisa, kunye nemveliso yombane ye-OEM{0}}iiprojekthi zokhuseleko, ixabiso leendleko lijongeka ngolu hlobo. I-UHF ecacileyo emanzi inlays kunye nezincamathelisi, zilungele ukuvala-i-loop inventory kunye nokujongwa kwe-UID esisiseko, umhlaba ophakathi kwe-$0.05 kunye ne-$0.10 ngeyunithi ngokwezixa zeodolo ezingaphezu kwesigidi esinye. I-Cryptographic UHF (M775, UCODE DNA) iqhuba i-$ 0.15 ukuya kwi-$ 0.40 ngeyunithi nganye kwimiqulu ethelekisayo, kunye ne-MOQ ngokuqhelekileyo i-100,000-500,000 ngokuxhomekeke kwintsapho ye-chip kunye noyilo lwe-antenna. I-NTAG 424 DNA yomthengi{15}}cofa umaleko we-NFC ihlala kuluhlu olufanayo njenge-cryptographic UHF. Ukufakwa kweekhowudi, ukudityaniswa kwe-ERP yokulandelelana, iziseko zophuhliso lokufunda, kunye nenkonzo yoqinisekiso lwamafu yongeza omnye umaleko ngaphezulu.

 

Umgaqo wobhontsi wamaqela okuthenga: ukuba ixabiso lakho lokuthengisa lingaphezulu kwe-$15, into{1}}inqanaba le-rfid elichasene{2}}nomgunyathi weleyibhile usebenzisa i-cryptographic UHF ihlala ngaphantsi kwe-2% yexabiso leyunithi. Ngaphantsi kweedola ezili-15 zokuthengisa izibalo ziyaqina ngaphandle kokuba usebenzisa i-UHF esisiseko ngokujongwa kwedathabheyisi, enengxaki ye-cloning esisanda kudlula kuyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukukhawuleza-ukuhambisa okusezantsi{8}impahla yomda kunqabile ukuba zenze into efihlwayo{9}}inqanaba leRFID; badibanisa ukuya kwinqanaba{10}}kwinqanaba endaweni yoko. Okwangoku ngokwe-amaxabiso eyunithi ngaphaUHF inlay emanzi, istikha, ubucwebe-ithegi, kunye nenkozo-ithegi ye-SKUs, isicelo sesampulu yeyona ndlela ikhawulezayo ukuya kwiikowuti ezithile ngokuchasene nemeko yefomu yakho.

 

Apho RFID Anti{0}}Inkohliso Sekusebenza

 

Iipateni ezintlanu zeshishini zivela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kulwabiwo esilunike amacandelo, okanye{0}}zibhalwe kakuhle kushicilelo lwezorhwebo. Benza imephu kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo zokuthenga.

 

Kumayeza, i-WHO iqikelela ukuba i-1 kwimveliso ye-10 kwimveliso yezonyango ephantsi{2}}kwimimandla yolawulo ikumgangatho ophantsi okanye ayinyanisekanga, ngoMeyi ka-2025.WHO Medical Product Alert N℃3/2025 on falsified IMFINZI (durvalumab) in Iran and Türkiyeukuqhuba ukungxamiseka okuhlaziyiweyo kokuthotyelwa. Iingqayi zobuxoki kuthiwa azinanto isebenzayo. Oku kwalandela ngaphambiliWHO Medical Product Alert N℃5/2024egubungela iArmenia, iLebhanon, neTürkiye. I-UHF kwimeko-yenqanaba labahambisi kunye nolandelelwano kwiyunithi{2}}inqanaba ledosi iye yaba yi-de facto rfid echasene{3}}nolwakhiwo lomgunyathi kwi-pharma njengoko unyanzeliso lwe-DSCSA luye lwaqina.

 

Iwayini kunye nespirit beziludidi lwepowusta ukusukela ekuqaleni koo-2010. Kuyo yonke ibhotile -entanyeni iinkqubo ze-NFC esizibonelele kwii-wineries zaseYurophu kunye ne-APAC, abathengi abasebenzisa le rfid anti{3}}ingxelo ye-architecture ye-counterfeiting 80-90% yokunciphisa izinto zomgunyathi eziqinisekisiweyo kuzo zonke iindlela zokusasaza ezilawulwayo kwiinyanga ezili-18 zokuqala, amanani ahambelana ne-Tuscan epapashiweyo, kwaye ukuba i-CG iyakwazi ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Tuscan kwimeko yethu. iibhotile.

 

Impahla yethwathwa yodidi itshintshele kwi-NFC + ye-blockchain izazisi, kuquka iinkqubo ze-SATO's APAC kunye neqonga le-Swiss collectionID, apho unxibelelwano lwethegi nganye luvelisa umyalezo ofihliweyo ongadlalekiyo orekhodiweyo{2}kwitsheyini (Uphononongo lwemeko yeForam yeNFC). Izincedisi zefashoni zithathe indlela eyahlukileyo: I-Luxottica ifake i-UHF RFID kwibhulorho yeendondo zayo zokuqinisekisa ukuthengwa kwe-intanethi{1}, iluncedo kwiimveliso apho inlay efihliweyo igqwesa ileyibhile ebonakalayo.

 

Ii-elektroniki zabathengi kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo zibonisa eyona meko icocekileyo yezoqoqosho. I-STMicroelectronics efakwe abafundi be-NFC kwimizimba yebrashi yamazinyo yombane eqinisekisa iintloko zebhrashi ezitshintshwayo (STMicroelectronics NFC iimeko zokusebenzisa umgunyathi). Isixhobo sokusingatha ngumfundi, ngoko ke akukho kuxhomekeka kwi-smartphone.

 

Ipatheni kuzo zonke iindidi ezintlanu: i-rfid anti{0}}yokusasazwa komgunyathi ephumelelayo yileyo apho imeko efundiweyo, udidi lwetshiphu, kunye nesubstrate zikhethwe kunye ekuqaleni. Ukupeya ukuphindaphindeka okanye ukungahambelani kwesubstrate kwiinyanga ezintandathu yinto eyenza ibhrendi{2}}iiprojekthi zokhuseleko zigqithe kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali.

 

 

Iindlela ezintlanu zokuSilela uninzi lwabathengisi abayi kukhankanya

 

Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amabini yokubonelela ngamacandelo e-RFID, nazi iingxaki zokusasaza ezifika kwiincoko zabaxumi rhoqo kunokuba zivela kwimathiriyeli yokuthengisa.

 

Eyokuqala lugqithiso lwethegi olusemthethweni, sele lukhankanyiwe. Iitshiphusi zeCryptographic azincedi ukuba ithegi yokwenyani ixotyulwe kwimveliso yokwenyani kwaye incamathele kumgunyathi. Iisubstrates eziethe-ethe kunye nokuphazamisa{2}}umsebenzi ocacileyo woyilo loyilo njengokhetho lwetshiphu, yiyo loo ntoeethe-ethe-ukwamkelwa kweleyibhile kuye kwakhawulezangaphaya kokupakishwa kwe-luxury kunye ne-pharma.

 

Imowudi yokungaphumeleli yesibini kukulahlwa ngasemva. Inkonzo yokungqinisisa esembindini yindawo enye yokusilela. Sijonge ubuncinci ezimbini phakathi{2}}iinkqubo zebhrendi eziya mnyama ngolu hlobo phakathi kuka-2020 no-2024. Uyilo lwezakhiwo olungaphandle kweintanethi{5}}umsayino ongqinisisekayo okanye i-ankile ye-blockchain iyasinda kule meko; ukhangelo lwesiseko sedata ecocekileyo musa.

 

Okwesithathu, "sisebenzisa i-RFID" ayithethi ukuba "siyamelana ne-cloning." Isabelo esikhulu sokusasazwa okubhalwe rfid anti{1}}inkohliso ngo-2024–2025 sisaxhomekeke kwi-UID engatshintshiyo + nongqamaniso lwedathabheyisi, inguqulelo yamaqela emfundo sele ineminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu. Buza abathengisi ngokucacileyo: ngaba i-chip ixhasa i-Gen2v2 Iqinisekisa kunye ne-ISO / IEC 29167-10 / 11? Ukuba akunjalo, into oyithengileyo kukulandeleka, hayi ukuqinisekiswa.

 

Okwesine,-ukusilela kokuncamathelisa ngekhonkco. Kuvavanyo lwasendle kwiiseli zewayini kunye nogcino olubandayo lwamayeza olungaphantsi −15℃, amanzi{3}izinto zokuncamathelisa zePSA ezisekelwe kwi-PSA zilahlekelwa malunga ne-30–40% yamandla ebhondi xa kuthelekiswa neqondo lobushushu legumbi{6}. Sifudusele abathengi kwezo ndawo ukuya kwi-solvent{8}esekelwe kwi-acrylic okanye i-cryo{9}}izakhiwo ezikalisiweyo. Ileyibhile echasayo{11}}yomgunyathi ewela kuhambo ayiseyiyo-ieleyibhile yokukhohlisa.

 

Okwesihlanu, kwaye le iluncedo kunokusilela, iithegi zokwenyani ziskenwa rhoqo kunezomgunyathi. {{1}Uphando lomnombo lufumanisa iimveliso zokwenyani zifundwa malunga ne-50% yezakhelo eziphezulu, kuba zidlula kwiindawo zokukhangela ezisemthethweni. Ukufumana umva okudidayo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo ye-rfid echasene{4}nomgunyathi inokwayama kulo mqondiso kakhulu, nangona iibhrendi ezimbalwa ngokwenene.

 

Kutheni i-EU DPP 2027 itshintsha iMathematika

 

Ukuqala ngoFebruwari ka-2027, i-EU's Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR) igunyazisa iiPaspoti zeMveliso yeDijithali kwimizi-mveliso kunye neebhetri ze-EV, ezinamalaphu, i-electronics, ifenitshala, kunye nezinye iindidi ezininzi ezilandela ngo-2028-2030. I-RFID kunye ne-NFC zombini zidweliswe ngokucacileyo njengabathwali bedatha be-DPP abavunyiweyo, ebeka naluphi na utyalo-mali oluchasene ne-rfid{3}}lomgunyathi kumaleko womzimba ofanayo. Ushishino lwetshiphu sele luthumela ngenqanawa iDPP{5}}imveliso ekujoliswe kuyo, kuqukaIithegi ze-NXP ze-NFC ezilungiselelwe iimfuno ze-DPP.

 

Ukuthengwa kwempahla kuthetha ukuba phantse akukho phawu lwe-RFID ka-2024–2025{2}}inqaku lokhuselo elixoxayo: inkqubo yokuchasana{3}}nomgunyathi esungulwe namhlanje ikwasisibonelelo semfuno yeDPP ezayo kulo nyaka uzayo. Ukuba udidi lwakho sele likumda weDPP, iqhuba inkqubo yeDPP eyahlukileyo emva kokuba iithegi zakho zangoku ezichaseneyo-nomgunyathi ziphile ngokuphindiweyo iindleko zezazisi ezibonakalayo ezinothi olongezelelweyo umda. Le yeyona mpikiswano inamandla{7}}engeyondleko yokuhamba ngoku kunokulinda esithe sayibona kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini yokubonelela le ntengiso.

 

Uluhlu lweSigqibo sokuThenga se-RFID echasene{0} nenkohliso

 

Imibuzo esibhozo emayiphendulwe nabachaphazelekayo bangaphakathi phambi kokusayina nawuphi na umyalelo wethegi. Ukuba awukwazi ukuphendula ezithathu kuzo ngokuzithemba, iprojekthi yerfid anti{1}}yomgunyathi ayikalungeli ukuthengwa okwangoku.

 

#	Umbuzo	Kutheni imisela ukhetho lwakho lwethegi
1	Lithini ixabiso leyunithi yokuthengisa?	Ngezantsi ~$15, into efihlwayo{1}}inqanaba le-UHF lidla ngokungabinaqoqosho; ibhetshi ukuya kwimeko{2}}kwinqanaba
2	Ngubani ofunda ithegi: abasebenzi, umsasazi, umthengi, okanye bobathathu?	Imisela i-UHF vs NFC vs hybrid
3	Ngaba i-chip ixhasa i-Gen2v2 iQinisekisa okanye i-ISO/IEC 29167-10/11?	Ukuba akukho, inkqubo ikunika ukulandeleka, hayi uqinisekiso
4	Ngaba i-substrate iyayonakalisa xa isuswa?	Ukuba akunjalo, usesichengeni sogqithiselo{0}}sethegi esemthethweni
5	Ngaba i-backend yokuqinisekisa yeyakho okanye i-SaaS yomthengisi?	Ukuba umthengisi, bonisa indlela yokusilela apho bavala khona
6	Ngaba imveliso ingena kwi-EU emva kwe-Feb 2027?	Ukuba ewe, yila ukuthotyelwa komthwali weDPP ukususela kusuku lokuqala
7	Yeyiphi imeko-bume ekhoyo ithegi ukuze iphile?	Itsheyini elibandayo, i-autoclave, i-UV, kunye{0}}nentsimbi ekufutshane zonke zitshintsha udidi lwe-inlay; dekela kuvavanyo lwebhentshi
8	Yintoni ikhowudi yomthengisi kunye-novavanyo lwangaphambili?	Ukusilela kwendawo kudla ngokulandela umva kubunzima-kugcino lwekhowudi ye-QC; cela umfundi womthengisi{1}umxube wengxelo yovavanyo

 

Ezi zibandakanya izigqibo ezisisiseko. Imibuzo enzima, efana necandelo-lorhwebo oluthile lwe-MOQ{2}}lokulahla, itshiphu{3}}indlela zophuculo losapho kule minyaka mihlanu izayo, kunye nebhentshi{4}}yeendlela zokuvavanya esiziqhubayo phambi kweenqanawa zonke ze-cryptographic ze-UHF, zisonjululwa ngexesha lovavanyo lwesampulu, hayi kuluhlu lokukhangela olungatshintshiyo. Isicelo sasimahla-sixhasa i-ankile imibuzo yesi-7 neyesi-8 ngokuchasene nendawo okungqongileyo yokwenyani.

 

Ukusebenza kunye Syntek

 

I-Syntek yenze i-RFID kunye nezixhobo ze-NFC ukusukela ngo-2006: imigca emihlanu yemveliso ezenzekelayo, ngaphezulu kwabasebenzi abangama-200, ngaphezulu kwe-100,000 yemisebenzi yetshiphu{4}}yokubambisa ngosuku kwi-3,600 m² ISO 9001: indawo eqinisekisiweyo ka-2015 e-Hunan. Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle ngonyaka kudlula i-3 yezigidi zeedola ze-USD, uninzi lweenqanawa ezithunyelwa eYurophu, kuMntla Melika, eRashiya nakuMbindi Mpuma. Izatifikethi ze-CE kunye ne-ICAR zigubungela iimveliso ezizifunayo.

 

Oko kuguqulela kwintengiso-yokhuseleko lokuthengwa kwempahla: sifaka ikhowudi kwaye sivavanye kwangaphambili{1}}ibhetshi nganye ye-UHF efihlakeleyo kuwo onke amaqonga okufunda amaninzi phambi kokuthunyelwa, sigcina uluhlu lwempahla kuzo zombini iifomathi ezisemgangathweni kunye{2}ezibuthathaka, kwaye sithumela iisampulu zasimahla zokuqinisekisa indawo phambi kwayo nayiphi na imveliso. Kuyo nayiphi na i-rfid anti{4}}eyenziwe ngomgunyathi, ukusebenza okuncamathelisayo, umgama wokufunda, kunye nokuqina kwe-substrate kufuneka kuvavanywe kwindawo okuyo yokwenyani. YethuUHF inlay emanzi, istikha, kunye nobucwebe{0}}uluhlu lwemveliso yethegiyindawo yokuqala yendalo yovavanyo lwethegi; iisampuli simahla ngenqanawa phakathi kweveki yesicelo.

Qhagamshelana ngoku

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho