Iithegi ze-RFID: Undoqo weQhinga lokuQhuba iKamva lokuVelisa eliZinzileyo

 

Kutheni "uQoqo lweQhinga" ayilulo uLwimi lweNtengiso

 

Xa uDeloitte evavanya abathengi mva nje, bafumanise ukuba phantse i-60% bayitshintshile indlela yokuthenga ngokukodwa ngenxa yeenkxalabo zemozulu{1}}% yabo bantu bahlawule kakhulu kwiinketho ezizinzileyo. Loo datha ibalulekile kuba ichaza ukuba kutheni iibrendi ezinjengeZara, iDecathlon, kunye neNike zingasayiphathi iRFID njengesixhobo soluhlu kwakhona. Bayiphatha njengesiseko sokuqinisekisa amabango ozinzo kubathengi abathi bafune ubungqina.

 

Amanani kaZara abalisa ibali ngokucacileyo. Emva kokukhutshwa okupheleleyo kweRFID kuzo zonke ezi-2,{2} iivenkile:

 

Iziphumo zokuPhunyezwa kweZara

 

Yintoni etshintshileyo	Kagakanani
Ukuncitshiswa kwe-inventri ngokugqithisileyo	I-400 yezigidi zeerandi
I-Overstock iyancipha	19%
Ukunyuswa kwengeniso ngonyaka kubalelwa kwi-RFID	7.5%
Ixesha lomjikelo wemveliso	Ukusuka kwiiveki ezi-3 ukuya kwiintsuku ezili-10
Ukubalwa koluhlu lwabasebenzi	Abantu abangama-40 × iiyure ze-5 → abantu abayi-10 × iiyure ze-2.5

 

(impinj.com)

 

Jonga oko kucinezelwa komjikelo wemveliso. Iiveki ezintathu ukuya kwiintsuku ezilishumi. Loo nto ayithethi malunga nokuskena izinto ngokukhawuleza. Oko kumalunga nokuba nedatha yemfuno echanekileyo ukuze ungenzi iimveliso ngokuqikelela. Ishishini lefashoni livelisa iimpahla ezibhiliyoni ezingama-150 ngonyaka kwaye i-30% ayize ithengiswe. Amashumi alithoba{7}}ezizigidi ezibini zeetoni zenkunkuma yamalaphu ngonyaka. I-163 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zoluhlu lwezinto eziye zalahlwa ngenxa yokuba kukho umntu oqikelele ngokungalunganga malunga nokuba abathengi bafuna ntoni.

 

I-RFID ayikuphelisi ukuthelekelela. Kodwa yenza ukuqikelela ulwazi ngakumbi.

 

INyaniso yoBuchule eMisa iziGqibo zokuFumana

 

Ndichitha mhlawumbi i-40% yexesha lam ndichazela abaphathi bokuthengwa kwempahla ukuba kutheni ithegi abayifumene kwi-intanethi ye-$ 0.03 ayiyi kusebenza kwisicelo sabo. Ukhetho lwefrikhwensi lulodwa lumisela impumelelo okanye ukusilela.

 

Iithegi ze-UHF (860-960 MHz) zilawula izicelo zekhonkco lonikezelo kuba zifundeka kude, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-12 yeemitha, kwaye zinokuphatha iithegi ezingama-200 ngaxeshanye. Inkulu kwimisebenzi yendawo yokugcina impahla. Eyoyikisayo kufutshane nentsimbi okanye ulwelo ngaphandle kokuba uhlawula 10-30x ngaphezulu iinguqulelo ezizodwa.

 

Iithegi ze-HF (13.56 MHz) zifundwa kuluhlu olufutshane, mhlawumbi imitha, kodwa zizinzile ngakumbi malunga nentsimbi. Yiyo loo nto ukukhangelwa kwesixhobo kunye nokusebenza-kwi{3}}kwinkqubo yezicelo rhoqo zisebenzisa i-HF nangona ixabisa ngaphezulu ngethegi nganye.

 

Iithegi ze-LF (125-134 kHz) zezona zomelela, zinokufunda ngentsimbi ebhityileyo, zisebenze kakuhle kulwelo, kodwa uluhlu lulinganiselwe malunga ne-10cm kwaye unokulibala ngokufunda iithegi ezininzi ngaxeshanye.

 

Nantsi indlela oku kukhangeleka ngayo kwiindleko zokwenyani:

 

Ukuphindaphinda	Ngokwe{0}}ixabiso lethegi ngevolumu	Funda uluhlu	Ukunyamezela kwesinyithi	Xa kunengqiqo
LF	$0,75 ukuba $5,00	~10cm	Egqwesileyo	Amakhadi okufikelela, ukulandelwa kwezilwanyana
HF	$0,20 ukuba $2.00	Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1m	Kulungile	Ukwenziwa kwe-WIP, anti{0}inkohliso
UHF	$0,10 ukuba $1,50	1-12m	Umbi (umgangatho)	Ikhonkco lokubonelela, uluhlu lwezinto ezithengiswayo
UHF kwi{0}}intsimbi	$0.75 ukuya $4.00+	1-8m	Yenzelwe yona	Metal inxalenye yokulandelela, isixhobo mgmt

 

Umxhasi welaphu waseVietnam endiwukhankanyileyo? Bakhetha iithegi ze-UHF eziqhelekileyo kwisicelo esibandakanya ukuhlamba kumaqondo obushushu amashishini. Iithegi zihlangabezane neemfuno zephepha elithile. Abazange baphile kwiimeko zokwenyani-zehlabathi kuba inkqubo yebhondi enexabiso eliphantsi ayikwazanga ukumelana nokukhwela ibhayisekile.

 

Ukwenziwa kwe-Antenna: Yintoni abangakuxeleliyo ababoneleli

 

Indlela i-eriyali yethegi eyenziwe ngayo ichaphazela ukusebenza, ukuqina, kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo. Uninzi lwamaqela okuthenga izinto aluze lubuze ngale nto, yiyo loo nto ndiyizisa.

 

etching Chemical yindlela yemveli. Ifoyile ye-aluminiyam, malunga ne-0.030mm ubukhulu, iphathwa ngesisombululo se-iron chloride kwaye isinyithi esingafunekiyo siyanyibilika. Inkqubo idala ukuxinana, iipateni ze-eriyali ezichanekileyo kodwa ivelisa inkunkuma yeekhemikhali. Kukwakho ingxaki ebizwa ngokuba licala{4}}ukujongisisa apho isisombululo esonakalisayo sitya emaphethelweni ngokungalinganiyo. Uphela uneempawu ze-eriyali ezijongeka zigqibelele phantsi kokwandiswa kodwa zibe nezitenxo ezincinci ezichaphazela ukusebenza ngendlela efanayo.

 

Ukuprintwa kweSilver paste yeyona ndlela yokongeza. I-inki eqhubayo ifakwa kwipateni ye-eriyali, idla ngokuba yi-15-20μm ubukhulu malunga ne-70% yesiqulatho sesilivere. Akukho nkunkuma yeekhemikhali, imveliso ekhawulezayo. Ukubanjwa? Ii-eriyali zesilivere eziprintiweyo zikholisa ukubonisa i-30-100% ukuthotywa komgama wokufunda xa kuthelekiswa nemikhondo yobhedu. Kwizicelo ze-UHF oku kuqhelekile ukwamkeleka. Kwiithegi ze-HF inokuba yingxaki enkulu.

 

Ukufakela ucingo lukhetho lwesithathu. Izixhobo ze-Ultrasonic zicinezela ucingo lwe-enameled (malunga ne-0.25mm ububanzi) kwi-substrate. Abantu bangaphakathi kwishishini babona lolona sebenziso lungcono-ukuya{4}}kumlinganiselo weendleko, kodwa umthamo wemveliso ulinganiselwe.

 

U-Avery Dennison ebetyhala umgca wabo wemveliso wePure™ obanga i-70-90% esezantsi kwekhabhoni yonyawo ngokuchasene ne-etching yesintu. Bayixhasa le -yeqela lesithathu leZibhengezo zeMveliso yokusiNgqongileyo phantsi kwe-ISO 14020. Nokuba loo nto ibalulekile kwisigqibo sakho sokuthenga ixhomekeke ekubeni abathengi bakho okanye abalawuli bayakhathala malunga ne-tag-level carbon accounting.

 

I-ECO RFID kaStora Enso ithatha indlela eyahlukileyo. Yi-100% ifayibha{2}esekelwe kwithegi yephepha ephumelele uvavanyo lwe-biodegradability phantsi kwe-EN 13432, ISO 17088, kunye ne-ASTM D6400. Umbuzo ocacileyo kukuhlala ixesha elide, kwaye ngokunyanisekileyo andinayo idatha yaneleyo yangaphandle yokuthetha ukuba ezi ziqhuba njani ekuhambeni kwexesha kwizicelo ezifunayo.

 

I-Chip Bonding Ilapho iithegi zisilela ngokwenene

 

Ukuba ufuna ukuqonda ukuba kutheni iithegi ezincinci zisilela, jonga inkqubo yokudibanisa i-chip.

 

Flip-i-chip bonding isebenzisa i-anisotropic conductive adhesive (ACA) ukuncamathisela itshiphu kwi-eriyali. Uphando olupapashiweyo lwe-IEEE malunga noku kunye neendlela zokungaphumeleli ziyafundisa kuye nabani na owenza izigqibo zokukhangela.

 

Eyona nto eyonakalisayo ongayenza kwi-flip{0}}ithegi ebondiwe yi-chip kukubuyisela kwakhona unyango emva kokudibana. Oku kuxa iithegi zihamba kwinkqubo yokufudumeza ngexesha lokuguqulwa zibe iilebhile okanye iimveliso ezigqityiweyo. Uninzi lweentsilelo zentsimi zibuyela emva kweli nyathelo.

 

Ukuhamba ngeqondo lobushushu kubangela iingxaki eziphazamisayo. Ukusilela kwenzeka kanye ngexesha lotshintsho lobushushu, hayi ngexesha elizinzileyo-lokuvezwa kwemeko. Oku kwenza ukuxilongwa kube nzima kuba ithegi inokuvavanya ilungile kwindawo elawulwayo kwaye isilele ekusetyenzisweni okwenyani apho amaqondo obushushu eguquguquka.

 

Iipateni ze-antenna zobhedu ziphuhlisa iingxaki zokuthembeka ukusuka ekugobeni ngexesha lenkqubo yokudibanisa ngokwayo. Abaphandi be-IEEE bafumanise ukuba{1}}ixesha elide ukusebenza kwehle kakhulu xa i-eriyali substrate igobile ngexesha lokuncamatheliswa kwetshiphu.

 

Ukuhamba ngebhayisekile okufuma phakathi kwe-85% kunye ne-10% yokufuma okunxulumeneyo, kudityaniswe nokutshintsha kweqondo lobushushu, kubonise umahluko omkhulu wokuthembeka phakathi kweethegi ezibotshelelwe kwiiparamitha ezahlukeneyo. Iithegi eziphumelele uvavanyo lomgangatho wokuqala aziphumelelanga emva kokuvezwa koxinzelelo lwendalo esingqongileyo.

(ieexplore.ieee.org/document/5270585/)

 

Kuthetha ukuthini oku ngokwenyani? Umgangatho we-AQL 2.5/4.0 phantsi kwe-ISO 2859{3}}1 uninzi lwababoneleli abaluchaza njengomgangatho wabo womgangatho uvumela iziphene ezibonisa kuphela phantsi koxinzelelo lwehlabathi lokwenyani. Ukupasa i-AQL akuthethi ukuba iithegi ziya kusinda kwisicelo sakho.

 

Amazinga esivuno ahluka kakhulu ngomvelisi:

 

Umgangatho womthengisi	Isivuno esiqhelekileyo	Unyaka wokuqala{0}ukusilela kwebala
Iprimiyamu (umz., Hana RFID)	99.8%	Ubuncinci
Abavelisi baseTshayina abasemgangathweni	97-99%	1-3%
Ababoneleli ngebhajethi	80-90%	10-20%

 

Oko 10-20% izinga lokungaphumeleli kwinqanaba lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali libiza ngokukhawuleza kwivolumu . 100, iithegi ze-000 kwi-$ 0.05 nganye yi-$ 5,000. 100, i-000 iithegi ezine-15% ukusilela ebaleni kuthetha ukuba i-15,000 yeemveliso ezineengxaki zokulandela umkhondo, izikhalazo zabathengi ezinokubakho, ukusilela kuphicotho-zincwadi, kunye neendleko zokutshintshela ezinciphisa ukugcinwa kwethegi yoqobo.

 

 

Kwenzeke Ntoni Ngokwenyani kwizicelo zokuVelisa eziZinzileyo

 

Makhe ndihambe kwezinye iinkqubo ezithile ezibonisa ukuba ishishini lisingise phi.

 

Xiamen Xinda IoT's Implantable Thread Tag

 

Le yabamba ingqalelo yam kuba isombulula ingxaki yokwenene. Iithegi ze-RFID zesiNtu kwimpahla zifakwa kwiithegi zexabiso okanye zithungwe{1}}ngeelebhile. Abathengi bazisuse emva kokuthenga, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ithegi ayinakuxhasa iinkqubo zokurenta, ukuphinda kuthengiswe umkhondo, okanye isiphelo-sokuchongwa{4}}kokurisayikilishwa kobomi.

 

U-Xiamen Xinda uphuhlise intambo-yohlobo lwethegi enemodyuli yechip kunye ne-eriyali encinci-esongelwe ngemathiriyeli eyodwa. Iyasinda kumaqondo obushushu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-200℃kunye nemijikelo yokuhlamba engaphezu kwekhulu. Ithegi ingena ngqo kwiingubo ngexesha lokuvelisa kwaye ihlala apho kuyo yonke imveliso yobomi.

 

Iimveliso ezininzi zempahla kunye neefektri zivavanya le teknoloji ngoku. Injongo kukwenza iimodeli zoshishino lwezoqoqosho ezijikelezayo ezifuna ukuchongwa kwemveliso okuzingisileyo. Ukuba ifikelela kukwamkelwa okuqhelekileyo kuxhomekeke ekubeni iibhrendi zinokuthethelela iindleko ezongeziweyo ngokurenta okanye ukuthengisa kwakhona imithombo yengeniso.

 

Toppan Printing's Near cross® D 2.9

 

Ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi baseJapan kutyhala abavelisi kwizisombululo eziphelisa ukufakwa kwedatha ngesandla. I-Topan iphuhlise ibhetri{1}ithegi ye-RFID yasimahla ene-e{2}}ebonisa iphepha elakhiweyo.

 

Isicelo esicacileyo ziinkqubo ze-kanban kunye nolawulo lomgangatho wemveliso. Endaweni yokuba abasebenzi batshintshe iileyibhile okanye babhale kumaphepha emiyalelo, inkqubo yeRFID ihlaziya umboniso ngokuzenzekelayo. I-Topan ibeka oku njengokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nenzuzo yokusingqongileyo ngokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwephepha.

 

Imodeli yokuPakisha eSebenzayo ye-IFCO

 

Lo ngowona mzekelo ubalaseleyo weRFID ovumela imodeli yoshishino eyahlukileyo. I-IFCO ayithengisi ukupakishwa. Banikezela ngequla ekwabelwana ngalo lwezikhongozeli ezisemgangathweni ezijikeleza kulo lonke ikhonkco lokubonelela ngemveliso entsha. Iinkampani ezizimeleyo zisebenzisa izikhongozeli, zizibuyisele, kwaye i-IFCO ilawula ulungiselelo.

 

I-RAIN RFID tags kwindawo nganye yomkhondo wesikhongozeli, ukubalwa komjikelo, kunye nemeko kuyo yonke inethiwekhi. Idatha ivumela ukulungelelaniswa okungenakwenzeka ukuba inkampani nganye iphethe upakisho lwayo. I-RAIN Alliance igxininise le meko ngokukodwa ngenxa yokuba ibonisa i-RFID yokudala ixabiso ngemiphumo yenethiwekhi kunokuba nje iinzuzo ezisebenzayo zangaphakathi.

 

Uhlalutyo lweendleko olubonakalisa iiProjekthi zokwenyani

 

Ixabiso lethegi wonke umntu agxile kulo mhlawumbi yi-15-20% yeendleko zokuphunyezwa. Nantsi indlela okhangeleka ngayo umfanekiso opheleleyo:

 

Iindleko zokuBekwa kweRFID eziQhelekileyo

 

Hardware

• abafundi Fixed: $1,500 ukuba $4,000 iyunithi nganye
• Iintenna: $50 ukuba $300 nganye, ngokuqhelekileyo 2-4 umfundi ngamnye
• Ukubamba ngesandla: $1,000 ukuba $4,500 ngokuxhomekeke ruggedness
• Abashicileli ukuze ukhowudo: $1,500 ukuba $5,000

 

Isoftware kunye nokudibanisa

• Middleware: $5,000 ukuba $20,000
• Indibaniselwano ye-ERP/WMS: $10,000 ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-100,000 yeedola (lo luguquko olukhulu)
• Ukugcinwa konyaka / ilifu: $ 1,000 ukuya kwi-$ 50,000 kuxhomekeke kwisikali

 

Iithegi kuMqulu

• Iileyibhile ze-UHF eziqhelekileyo: $ 0.05 ukuya kwi-$ 0.15 kwi-10K +
• Ezizodwa / rugged: $0.50 ukuba $10.00 ngokuxhomekeke iimfuno

 

Umenzi wedenim waseTurkey upapashe amanani aneenkcukacha ekuphunyezweni kwawo: €312,233 utyalo-mali lokuqala ukumaka iimveliso ezizigidi ezi-2 ngonyaka. Ukugcinwa kwenyanga kwehle ukuya kwi-5,454 ye-€ ekunciphiseni abasebenzi kunye ne-15,625 ye-€ 15,625 kwilahleko yemveliso kunye nokuphepha isohlwayo. Imbuyekezo yonyaka malunga ne-€253,000 malunga notyalo-mali lokuqala. (supplychainive.com)

 

Umzi-mveliso wase-Bosch's Eisenach usasaze i-60,000 RFID{2}}yenziwe yakwazi amakhadi e-kanban kwaye ibhalwe i-€1 yesigidi sogcino ngonyaka. Enye indlela ibinokuqesha abasebenzi abangama-50 abongezelelweyo ukuba baskene ngesandla iibhakhowudi ezili-12 lezigidi ngonyaka. (fidjournal.com)

 

Buyisela ixesha ngeSicelo

 

Uhlobo lwesicelo	Utyalo-mali oluqhelekileyo	Umthombo wenzuzo engundoqo	Uluhlu lwentlawulo
Uluhlu lwezinto ezithengiswayo	$15K-$50K ivenkile nganye	Ukucutheka kwabasebenzi +	Iinyanga ezili-12-18
Ulawulo lwesitora	$30K-$100K	Ukuchaneka, ukusebenza, ukucutheka	18-24 iinyanga
Ukwenziwa kwe-WIP	$50K-$250K	Ukubonakala kwenkqubo	12-36 iinyanga
Ukulandelwa kwempahla	$10K-$75K	Ixesha lokukhangela, ukuthintela ilahleko	Iinyanga ezi-6-18

 

I-Lululemon ibethe i-98% yokuchaneka kwe-inventri kuzo zonke iivenkile 500+ ezinentlawulo ephantsi kweenyanga ezili-12. Kodwa ziphezulu{4}}zentengiso eneziphumo ezibizayo zokuphela kwesitokhwe. Umenzi wecandelo{6}lomda osezantsi akazukubona iprofayile efanayo yokubuya nokuba nokuphuculwa okufanayo kokuchaneka.

 

Uxinzelelo oluLawulayo olukhawulezisa ukuthathwa komntwana

 

Iimfuno zePaspoti yeMveliso yeDijithali ye-EU ziqala ukusebenza ngo-2026. Abavelisi abathengisa eYurophu baya kufuna ukulandelela imathiriyeli, imbali yenkonzo, kunye nedatha yokuphinda isetyenziswe kuyo yonke imijikelo yobomi bemveliso. Oku akukhethi.

 

I-RFID ibonelela ngesiseko sezi ncwadana zokundwendwela ngeendlela apho iileyibhile eziprintiweyo okanye iikhowudi ze-QR zingenako ukuhambelana. Ikhowudi ye-QR isebenza de ileyibhile eprintiweyo iphele okanye yonakaliswe. Ithegi efakwe kwi-RFID iphila ubomi bonke bemveliso kwaye yenza ukuskena okuzenzekelayo kwisikali.

 

I-FDA's Food Safety Moderization Act iCandelo lama-204 lidala iimfuno ezifanayo zokulandelelwa kokutya e-United States. Umhla wokugqibela wokuthotyelwa nguJulayi 2028. I-RFID sele imele malunga ne-32% yemarike yobugcisa bokulandelelwa kokutya kwaye ikhula phantse nge-10% ngonyaka.

 

Iinkampani eziphumeza i-RFID ngoku ngenxa yezizathu zokusebenza ziya kuba neziseko ezingundoqo zilungile xa iimfuno zolawulo zifika. Iinkampani ezilindileyo ziya kujongana namaxesha axinzelelweyo okuphunyezwa kunye neendleko ezinokuthi zibe phezulu ezivela kwizithintelo zamandla omthengisi.

 

 

Into endingekaqiniseki ngayo

 

IPulpaTronics iphuhlise i-chipless, iphepha{0}}kuphela ithegi yeRFID esebenzisa ikhabhoni{1}esekwe kwiisekethe. Uvavanyo lokuqala -lomjikelo lubonise ukusebenza ngokuthelekiswa nobhedu{4}olusekwe kwiithegi zolawulo. Ukuba oku kulinganisa, kunokunciphisa zombini iindleko kunye ne-carbon footprint malunga ne-70%. Inkampani ise-UK{8}kwaye itsale umdla obalulekileyo kulondolozo{9}olugxile kubathengi.

 

Umbuzo kukuba "izikali" zithetha nantoni na kwiminyaka eyi-2-3 ezayo. I-Chipless RFID sele ilungele ishumi leminyaka. Ndive "phantse ndiphaya" amaxesha amaninzi kakhulu ukuba ndibe nemincili de ndibone ukuthunyelwa komthamo wemveliso kunye nedatha yokusebenza yasendle.

 

Ngokufanayo, iithegi ze-biodegradable ezivela kwi-Stora Enso kunye nabanye baphumelele uvavanyo lwelebhu. Abaphandi be-IEEE babonise iithegi ze-UHF ezingenzi nto kwipolymer ye-PHBV enokubola ngokupheleleyo enoluhlu lokufunda lweemitha ezili-16. Ingaba ezi ziyaphila kwindawo zokwenyani zokwenziwa kulo lonke ubushushu, ukufuma, kunye noxinzelelo lomatshini ngumbuzo owahlukileyo kulowo wokuba ingaba ziyawohloka ngokufanelekileyo na kwiimeko ezilawulwayo zomgquba.

 

I-RAIN Alliance inike ingxelo ye-44.8 yeebhiliyoni zeetag chips ezithunyelwe kwihlabathi liphela ngo-2023, zenyuka ngama-32% unyaka nonyaka. Olo jiko lokukhula alucothi. Itekhnoloji iyasebenza. Imibuzo eseleyo imalunga nezisombululo ezihambelanayo kwizicelo ezithile kunye nokubala iindleko zizonke ngokuchanekileyo kunokuthelekisa amaxabiso ethegi.

 

Ukuba uvavanya i-RFID kuVeliso oluZinzileyo

 

Qala ngeemfuno zakho zokwenyani, hayi ngeekhathalogu zethegi. Umthengisi weemoto waseJamani endiphulukene nesivumelwano kulo nyaka uphelileyo ubuyile emva kokuba ukuphunyezwa kwayo ngexabiso eliphantsi kusilele. Xa ekugqibeleni saliphumelela elo shishini, isisombululo sabonakala sahluke ngokupheleleyo kwisindululo sethu sokuqala kuba siqale phantsi ngenyani{2}}imeko zehlabathi endaweni yeenkcukacha zabo ezichaziweyo.

 

Qhuba umqhubi wenqwelomoya ngaphambi kokuba unyuse umthamo. I-$ 5,000 ukuya kwi-$ 25,000 yokusasazwa okulinganiselweyo evavanya indawo yakho yokwenyani. Ukuphazamiseka kwesinyithi, ubushushu obugqithisileyo, ukudityaniswa kobunzima, ezi zivela kubaqhubi bee-pilot ezifihla amashiti.

 

Fumana isivuno kunye neziqinisekiso zomgangatho ngokubhaliweyo. Buza malunga nemigangatho ye-AQL, imigaqo-nkqubo yokutshintshwa kwesiphene, kwaye ingaba uvavanyo lubandakanya ukuhluka kobuntununtunu okanye ukupasa nje / ukusilela ukuqinisekiswa. Umahluko phakathi kwe-99% kunye ne-90% yeekhompawundi zesivuno kwisikali.

 

Bala iindleko zizonke kuquka ukuhlanganiswa, uqeqesho, kunye notshintsho lwenkqubo. Iithegi mhlawumbi yi-20% yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweprojekthi.

 

Qwalasela ukuba yeyiphi idatha enokuthi ibonelelwe yinkqubo ngaphaya kwemeko yakho yokusetyenziswa kwangoko. Ukuba uthegisela imveliso yolawulo lwe-inventri, kwaloo siseko sinye sinokuxhasa ingxelo ezinzileyo,-echasene nokukhohlisa, okanye iinkqubo zoqoqosho ezijikelezayo kamva. Ukwakha isiseko ngoku kunokuba nexabiso eliphantsi kunokulungisa kamva.

 

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